gocvs GOA and proteome slim Candida GO slim PIR GO slim gene_ontology Generic GO slim 2008-01-04T19:30:00 Prokaryotic GO subset Yeast GO slim cvs version: $Revision: 1.522 $ Plant GO slim calcium channel activity molecular_function Reactome:13088 ISBN:0815340729 GOC:mtg_transport Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of an calcium (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. ADP reduction This term was made obsolete because it represents a molecular function rather than a biological process. To update annotations, consider molecular_function term 'ADP reductase activity ; GO:0051061'. GOC:ai OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). biological_process triacylglycerol metabolic process biological_process triglyceride metabolism triglyceride metabolic process triacylglycerol metabolism Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triacylglycerols are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins. MetaCyc:PROGESTERONE-11-ALPHA-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN progesterone 11-alpha-hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.99.14 progesterone 11alpha-monooxygenase activity progesterone 11-alpha-monooxygenase activity progesterone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (11alpha-hydroxylating) molecular_function progesterone 11a-monooxygenase activity Catalysis of the reaction: progesterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 11-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + acceptor + H2O. progesterone 11alpha-hydroxylase activity binding ligand molecular_function GOC:mah GOC:ceb The selective, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. For ligands that bind to signal transducing receptors, consider the molecular function term 'receptor binding ; GO:0005102' and its children. regulation of secondary metabolic process regulation of secondary metabolism Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. GOC:jl biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall glycoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound sugar residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid. cell wall glycoprotein biosynthetic process cell wall glycoprotein formation cell wall glycoprotein biosynthesis cell wall glycoprotein synthesis cell wall glycoprotein anabolism biological_process PGJ receptor activity prostaglandin J receptor activity molecular_function Combining with prostaglandin J (PGJ(2)), a metabolite of prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity. PMID:12878180 PGJ(2) receptor activity metallocarboxypeptidase D activity MetaCyc:3.4.17.22-RXN EC:3.4.17.22 Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysine (or peptidyl-L-arginine) + H2O = peptide + L-lysine (or L-arginine). Function is activated by Co2+; inhibited by guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid. molecular_function gp180 (duck) carboxypeptidase D (cattle, human, mouse, rat) EC:1.14.15.4 oxygenase, steroid 11beta -mono- steroid 11-beta/18-hydroxylase activity steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase activity Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 = an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O. steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase activity steroid 11beta-hydroxylase activity cytochrome P450 CYP11B1 steroid 11beta-monooxygenase activity molecular_function cytochrome P450 CYP11B2 steroid,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (11beta-hydroxylating) steroid 11beta/18-hydroxylase activity MetaCyc:STEROID-11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN cytochrome p450 XIB1 activity biological_process purine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process purine nucleoside triphosphate breakdown GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. purine nucleoside triphosphate catabolism purine nucleoside triphosphate degradation monoacylglycerol biosynthetic process monoacylglycerol biosynthesis monoacylglycerol synthesis monoacylglycerol anabolism biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified. monoglyceride biosynthetic process monoacylglycerol formation monoglyceride biosynthesis EC:1.14.16.1 phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase activity phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase activity phenylalanine hydroxylase activity L-phenylalanine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating) PAH activity Reactome:12249 MetaCyc:PHENYLALANINE-4-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = L-tyrosine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin. phenylalaninase activity molecular_function EC:1.3.1.30 delta4-steroid 5alpha-reductase (progesterone) 5alpha-pregnan-3,20-dione:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase activity molecular_function progesterone 5-alpha-reductase activity steroid 5-alpha-reductase activity progesterone 5alpha-reductase activity MetaCyc:PROGESTERONE-5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 5-alpha-pregnan-3,20-dione + NADP+ = progesterone + NADPH. progesterone 5a-reductase activity respiratory chain cytochrome b6 This term was made obsolete because the activity described by the definition does not exist. To update annotations, use molecular_function term 'electron carrier activity ; GO:0009055'. monoheme class I cytochrome c cytochrome c7 (triheme) cytochrome c3 (tetraheme) diheme class I cytochrome c electron transfer carrier molecular_function Rieske iron-sulfur protein class IIa cytochrome c cytochrome d cytochrome c554 class II cytochrome c flavodoxin cytochrome b class I cytochrome c class III cytochrome c nonaheme cytochrome c flavin-containing electron transporter OBSOLETE. Enables the directed movement of electrons into, out of, within or between cells. high-molecular-weight cytochrome c (hexadecaheme) cytochrome b5 electron transporter activity class IIb cytochrome c class IV cytochrome c alkyne catabolic process alkyne degradation alkyne catabolism alkyne breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkyne, any hydrocarbon that has at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms. http://en.wikipedia.org/ biological_process chitin- and beta-glucan-containing cell wall organization and biogenesis beta-glucan-containing cell wall organization and biogenesis cell wall organisation and biogenesis (sensu Fungi) biological_process GOC:mtg_sensu_feb07 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell wall; as in, but not restricted to, the fungi (Fungi, ncbi_taxonomy_id:4751). chitin- and beta-glucan-containing cell wall organisation and biogenesis chitin-containing cell wall organization and biogenesis cell wall organization and biogenesis (sensu Fungi) EC:4.3.1.12 ornithine cyclase activity L-ornithine ammonia-lyase (cyclizing; L-proline-forming) ornithine cyclase (deaminating) activity ornithine cyclodeaminase activity MetaCyc:ORNITHINE-CYCLODEAMINASE-RXN molecular_function L-ornithine ammonia-lyase (cyclizing) Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine = L-proline + NH3. OCD activity molecular_function PMID:12000961 Interacting selectively with phosphatidylserine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. phosphatidylserine binding EC:1.14.99.7 squalene-2,3-epoxide cyclase activity Catalysis of the formation of a 2,3-epoxide in squalene. MetaCyc:SQUALENE-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN squalene hydroxylase activity Reactome:12251 squalene oxydocyclase activity squalene,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-epoxidizing) squalene monooxygenase activity squalene 2,3-oxidocyclase activity molecular_function squalene-2,3-epoxidase activity squalene epoxidase activity purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process biological_process purine nucleoside triphosphate formation purine nucleoside triphosphate synthesis purine nucleoside triphosphate anabolism purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. adenylate deaminase reaction This term was made obsolete because it represents a molecular function. To update annotations, use molecular_function term 'AMP deaminase activity ; GO:0003876'. OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). biological_process biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation. regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation molecular_function palmitoyl-(protein) hydrolase activity palmitoyl-protein thiolesterase activity MetaCyc:3.1.2.22-RXN palmitoyl-protein thioesterase activity palmitoyl-[protein] hydrolase EC:3.1.2.22 Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-protein + H2O = palmitate + protein. palmitoyl-protein hydrolase activity B lymphocyte apoptosis programmed cell death of B cells by apoptosis programmed cell death, B lymphocytes B-lymphocyte apoptosis B cell apoptosis B-lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death of B lymphocytes by apoptosis programmed cell death of B-cells by apoptosis apoptosis of B lymphocytes biological_process B lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death, B-cells programmed cell death of B-lymphocytes by apoptosis apoptosis of B-cells apoptosis of B cells apoptosis of B-lymphocytes The process of apoptosis in B cells. Fundamental Immunology ISBN:0781735149 GOC:add B-cell apoptosis programmed cell death, B-lymphocytes B cell programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death, B cells B-cell programmed cell death by apoptosis GOC:mtg_sensu A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall; as in, but not restricted to, the taxon Bacteria (Bacteria, ncbi_taxonomy_id:2). cell wall organization and biogenesis (sensu Bacteria) cell wall organisation and biogenesis (sensu Bacteria) biological_process peptidoglycan-based cell wall organization and biogenesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkyne, any hydrocarbon that has at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms. alkyne synthesis alkyne formation alkyne biosynthesis alkyne anabolism biological_process alkyne biosynthetic process steroid,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (21-hydroxylating) EC:1.14.99.10 molecular_function MetaCyc:STEROID-21-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN steroid 21-monooxygenase activity cytochrome P450 CYP21A1 21-hydroxylase activity Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + donor-H2 + O2 = a 21-hydroxysteroid + acceptor + H2O. cytochrome p450 XXIA1 activity steroid 21-hydroxylase activity The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate formation pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate synthesis biological_process pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate anabolism cAMP breakdown biological_process cAMP degradation 3',5'-cAMP catabolism 3',5'-cAMP catabolic process adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate catabolism adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate catabolic process cyclic AMP catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate). 3',5' cAMP catabolism cAMP catabolic process cyclic AMP catabolic process cAMP catabolism 3',5' cAMP catabolic process mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Mammary gland epithelial cells make up the covering of surfaces of the mammary gland. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. GOC:dph biological_process EC:2.4.1.50 collagen hydroxylysyl galactosyltransferase activity UDPgalactose:5-hydroxylysine-collagen galactosyltransferase activity MetaCyc:PROCOLLAGEN-GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE-RXN procollagen galactosyltransferase activity UDPgalactose:procollagen-5-hydroxy-L-lysine D-galactosyltransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine = UDP + procollagen 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine. hydroxylysine galactosyltransferase activity uridine diphosphogalactose-collagen galactosyltransferase activity molecular_function collagen galactosyltransferase activity UDP-galactose:procollagen-5-hydroxy-L-lysine D-galactosyltransferase activity UDP galactose-collagen galactosyltransferase activity protein complex localization establishment and maintenance of protein complex localization The processes by which a protein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. biological_process prenol pyrophosphatase activity EC:3.1.7.1 prenyl-diphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity prenyl-diphosphatase activity prenylphosphatase activity MetaCyc:PRENYL-PYROPHOSPHATASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: prenyl diphosphate + H2O = prenol + diphosphate. prenyl-pyrophosphatase activity molecular_function EC:1.14.11.4 lysyl hydroxylase activity Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2. collagen lysine hydroxylase activity protocollagen lysine dioxygenase activity MetaCyc:PROCOLLAGEN-LYSINE-5-DIOXYGENASE-RXN protocollagen lysyl hydroxylase activity procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase activity lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase activity protocollagen lysine hydroxylase activity procollagen-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating) peptidyl-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate: oxygen oxidoreductase activity peptidyllysine, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase activity lysylprotocollagen dioxygenase activity lysine hydroxylase activity procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity lysine-2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase activity molecular_function biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkyne, any hydrocarbon that has at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms. alkyne metabolism alkyne metabolic process phosphotyrosine binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with a phosphorylated tyrosine residue within a protein. PMID:14636584 biological_process UM-BBD_pathwayID:mf methyl fluoride metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl fluoride, fluorine-substituted methane, a gaseous halogenated hydrocarbon that has been investigated as an inhibitor of methanotrophy and nitrification in soils. methyl fluoride metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate metabolism pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process cytochrome p450 XVIIA1 activity EC:1.14.99.9 steroid 17-alpha-monooxygenase activity steroid 17alpha-hydroxylase activity steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + AH2 + O2 = a 17a-hydroxysteroid + A + H2O. steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase activity cytochrome P45017alpha steroid 17alphahydroxylase/17,20 lyase activity cytochrome P450 CYP17 steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase-C17-20 lyase activity cytochrome P-450 (P-45017alpha,lyase) steroid,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (17alpha-hydroxylating) 17alpha-hydroxylase-C17,20 lyase activity MetaCyc:STEROID-17-ALPHA-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase activity external side of outer membrane external side of cell outer membrane cellular_component The side of the outer membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the periplasm of the cell. GOC:mlg MetaCyc:PROPANEDIOL-PHOSPHATE-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN EC:1.1.1.7 Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,2-diol 1-phosphate + NAD+ = hydroxyacetone phosphate + NADH. molecular_function propanediol-phosphate dehydrogenase activity cellular_component PMID:17650307 PMID:11726501 PMID:11535616 PMID:10704439 A multiprotein complex that functions as a mitotic checkpoint inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). In budding yeast this complex consists of Mad2p, Mad3p, Bub3p and Cdc20p, and in mammalian cells it consists of MAD2, BUBR1, BUB3, and CDC20. MCC mitotic checkpoint complex Acting as a marker to identify a membrane and interacting selectively with one or more SNAREs on another membrane to mediate membrane fusion. PMID:14570579 R-SNARE activity t-SNARE activity Q-SNARE activity GO:0005485 SNARE v-SNARE activity GO:0005486 molecular_function SNAP-25 SNAP receptor activity The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. purine nucleotide catabolic process purine nucleotide degradation biological_process purine nucleotide breakdown purine nucleotide catabolism OBSOLETE. The region of a eukaryotic chromosome that is attached to the spindle during nuclear division. It is defined genetically as the region of the chromosome that always segregates at the first division of meiosis; the region of the chromosome in which no crossing over occurs. At the start of M phase, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids with a constriction at a point which forms the centromere. During late prophase two kinetochores assemble on each centromere, one kinetochore on each sister chromatid. cellular_component centromere This term was made obsolete because it is genetically defined region and not a specific subcellular localization. To update annotations, consider cellular_component term 'chromosome, pericentric region ; GO:0000775' or its children. leucine/isoleucine/valine porter activity L-isoleucine transmembrane transporter activity leucine/valine/isoleucine permease activity L-isoleucine transporter activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of L-isoleucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-isoleucine is (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid. isoleucine/valine:sodium symporter activity CCR7 chemokine receptor ligand CCR7 chemokine receptor binding type 1 EBV-induced G-protein coupled receptor binding MIP-3 beta receptor binding Interacting selectively with a CCR7 chemokine receptor. GOC:nln molecular_function antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II PMID:16181338 PMID:15531770 The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses an peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. biological_process 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone propanal-lyase activity EC:4.1.2.35 molecular_function 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone propanal-lyase (propanal-forming) MetaCyc:PROPIOIN-SYNTHASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 2 propanal = 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone. 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone aldolase activity propioin synthase activity biological_process response to short exposure to lithium ion A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a single or short exposure to a lithium ion stimulus. PMID:10208444 Interacting selectively with a CCR5 chemokine receptor. molecular_function CCR5 chemokine receptor ligand CCR5 chemokine receptor binding TSC1-TSC2 complex tuberous sclerosis complex tuberin-hamartin complex A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of tumerin and hamartin; its formation may regulate hamartin homomultimer formation. The complex acts as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase (Rheb), and inhibits the TOR signaling pathway. PMID:9580671 PMID:17121544 PMID:10585443 cellular_component AMP catabolic process biological_process AMP breakdown AMP catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate. AMP degradation pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. biological_process pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate degradation pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate catabolism lysine permease activity L-lysine permease histidine/arginine/lysine/ornithine porter activity molecular_function GO:0005293 Catalysis of the transfer of L-lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-lysine is 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid. L-lysine transmembrane transporter activity biological_process The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin at the telomere. telomeric heterochromatin assembly telomeric heterochromatin formation molecular_function LARC receptor binding Interacting selectively with a CCR6 chemokine receptor. CCR6 chemokine receptor ligand CCR6 chemokine receptor binding antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-independent biological_process The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family. PMID:15928678 TAP-independent endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib via ER pathway TAP-independent antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-independent The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, during the process of fermentation. biological_process ethanol synthesis during fermentation ethanol formation during fermentation ethanol anabolism during fermentation ethanol biosynthetic process during fermentation extrinsic to external side of outer membrane Loosely bound to the surface of the outer membrane of the cell that faces away from the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. cellular_component extrinsic to external side of cell outer membrane isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity isovaleroyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity EC:1.3.99.10 molecular_function Reactome:24705 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA + ETF = 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + reduced ETF. isovaleryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity MetaCyc:ISOVALERYL-COA-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA:acceptor oxidoreductase activity MetaCyc:PROGESTERONE-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN EC:1.14.99.4 Catalysis of the reaction: progesterone + donor-H2 + O2 = testosterone acetate + acceptor + H2O. progesterone hydroxylase activity progesterone monooxygenase activity progesterone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating) molecular_function ChEBI:28088 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a genistein stimulus. biological_process response to genistein EC:3.6.3.49 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. An animal enzyme that is active in forming a chloride channel, the absence of which brings about cystic fibrosis. It is also involved in the functioning of other transmembrane channels. cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ATP phosphohydrolase (channel-conductance-controlling) molecular_function channel-conductance-controlling ATPase activity cystic-fibrosis membrane-conductance-regulating protein activity MetaCyc:3.6.3.49-RXN centric heterochromatin formation biological_process The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin near the centromere. centromeric heterochromatin formation centromeric heterochromatin biosynthesis centric heterochromatin assembly ITP breakdown biological_process ITP degradation ITP catabolism ITP hydrolysis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ITP, inosine (5'-)triphosphate. ITP catabolic process The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division. NK cell proliferation biological_process natural killer cell proliferation biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds. regulation of cellular respiration diol dehydratase activity EC:4.2.1.28 propanediol dehydratase activity MetaCyc:PROPANEDIOL-DEHYDRATASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,2-diol = propanal + H2O. coenzyme B12-dependent diol dehydrase activity adenosylcobalamin-dependent diol dehydratase activity propanediol dehydrase activity meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrase activity molecular_function 1,2-propanediol dehydratase activity DL-1,2-propanediol hydro-lyase activity diol dehydrase activity propane-1,2-diol hydro-lyase activity propane-1,2-diol hydro-lyase (propanal-forming) dioldehydratase activity G-protein signaling, coupled to S1P second messenger (sphingosine kinase activating) A G-protein coupled signaling pathway that results in the activation of sphingosine kinase, causing an increase in cellular levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate. PMID:14592418 biological_process G-protein signalling, coupled to S1P second messenger (sphingosine kinase activating) G protein signalling, coupled to S1P second messenger (sphingosine kinase activating) G protein signaling, coupled to S1P second messenger (sphingosine kinase activating) internal side of cell outer membrane internal side of outer membrane The side of the outer membrane that faces the periplasm of the cell. cellular_component EC:1.10.3.2 Catalysis of the reaction: 4 benzenediol + O2 = 4 benzosemiquinone + 2 H2O. molecular_function laccase activity urushiol oxidase activity p-diphenol oxidase activity benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity MetaCyc:LACCASE-RXN urishiol oxidase activity response to hydroxyisoflavone biological_process ChEBI:38755 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyisoflavone stimulus. molecular_function Enables the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell. nucleocytoplasmic transporter activity cation diffusion facilitator activity GO:0015338 nonselective cation channel activity molecular_function cation channel activity Catalysis of the energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. GOC:def GO:0015281 dIDP phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into dIDP, deoxyinosine diphosphate, to produce dITP. biological_process antibody dependent cell killing antibody dependent cell death antibody-dependent cell killing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity biological_process antibody-dependent cell death PMID:9581795 PMID:11677095 Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells. ADCC type VI hypersensitivity heterochromatin formation The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form that is often, but not always, transcriptionally silent. biological_process heterochromatin assembly regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt biological_process regulation of pentose-phosphate pathway regulation of pentose phosphate shunt regulation of pentose phosphate pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the pentose-phosphate shunt, the process by which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, F0 sector proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o) hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, coupling factor CF(0) proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(0) cellular_component All non-F1 subunits of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral membrane proteins. PMID:10838056 IL-19 production The appearance of interleukin-19 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process interleukin-19 production molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AAG codon. AAG codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, AAG codes for lysine. biological_process The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses an peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. PMID:15771591 peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellar basket cell differentiation biological_process The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar basket cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a cerebellar basket cell fate. A cerebellar basket cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. PMID:15157725 GOC:mtg_15jun06 GOC:jic GOC:dgh GOC:cls limonene metabolic process UM-BBD_pathwayID:lim The chemical reactions and pathways involving limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene), a monocyclic monoterpene. http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/lim/lim_map.html biological_process limonene metabolism BRCA2-MAGE-D1 complex A heterodimeric protein complex formed of BRCA2 and MAGE-D1; may mediate the synergistic activities of the two proteins in regulating cell growth. PMID:15930293 cellular_component 5-aminopentanamidase activity EC:3.5.1.30 5-aminonorvaleramidase activity molecular_function 5-aminopentanamide amidohydrolase activity MetaCyc:5-AMINOPENTANAMIDASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 5-aminopentanamide + H2O = 5-aminopentanoate + NH3. 5-aminovaleramidase activity prophase chromosome interphase chromosome chromatid ISBN:0198547684 A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. chromosome cellular_component biological_process The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-18 production interleukin-18 production phospholipid transfer to membrane The transfer of a phospholipid from its site of synthesis to the plasma membrane. biological_process biological_process PMID:15928680 The directed movement of a lipid antigen into, out of, within or between cells. lipid antigen transport IL-2 production biological_process The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-2 production AAA codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, AAA codes for lysine. A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AAA codon. molecular_function The catalytic sector of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the plasma membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1) (sensu Bacteria) plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1) See also the cellular component term 'plasma membrane ; GO:0005886'. cellular_component hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, F1 sector (sensu Bacteria) Lugaro cell differentiation This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature Lugaro cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Lugaro cell fate. A Lugaro cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. biological_process biological_process iprodione metabolism UM-BBD_pathwayID:ipd iprodione metabolic process http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/ipd/ipd_map.html The chemical reactions and pathways involving prodione, a colorless, odorless crystal. It is used as a dicarboximide contact fungicide to control a wide variety of crop diseases by inhibiting the germination of spores and the growth of the fungal mat (mycelium). MetaCyc:5-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID-DEHYDRATASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 5-alpha-ergosta-7,22-diene-3-beta,5-diol = ergosterol + H2O. EC:4.2.1.62 molecular_function 5alpha-ergosta-7,22-diene-3beta,5-diol 5,6-hydro-lyase activity 5alpha-ergosta-7,22-diene-3beta,5-diol 5,6-hydro-lyase (ergosterol-forming) 5alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydratase activity 5-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydratase activity cellular_component OBSOLETE. One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that become apparent between early prophase and metaphase in mitosis and between diplotene and second metaphase in meiosis. chromatid This term was made obsolete because it is not a unique subcellular component, i.e. the difference between this term and 'chromosome' is based on temporal and process distinctions. To update annotations, consider cellular_component terms 'chromosome ; GO:0005694' or its children, 'condensed chromosome ; GO:0000793' or its children, and 'condensed nuclear chromosome ; GO:0000794' or its children. molecular_function Facilitates the base-pairing of complementary single-stranded RNA. RNA strand annealing activity dihydrosphingosine-1-P pathway biological_process AAC codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, AAC codes for asparagine. A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AAC codon. molecular_function The binding of a lipid antigen to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 gene family. biological_process lipid antigen assembly with MHC class Ib protein complex cellular_component hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the membrane-associated Fo proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core. proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk biological_process The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. cerebellar granule cell differentiation This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. MetaCyc:5'-ACYLPHOSPHOADENOSINE-HYDROLASE-RXN EC:3.6.1.20 molecular_function 5-phosphoadenosine hydrolase activity 5'-acylphosphoadenosine acylhydrolase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-acylphosphoadenosine + H2O = AMP + a carboxylate. 5'-acylphosphoadenosine hydrolase activity biological_process UM-BBD_pathwayID:mcr http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/mcr/mcr_map.html The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, an aromatic compound which is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of patulin, a toxin and antiviral agent produced by some moulds such as Penicillium patulinum. 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol metabolism 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol metabolic process oxygenase, dopamine beta-mono- EC:1.14.17.1 SDBH (soluble dopamine beta-monooxygenase) dopamine hydroxylase activity MDBH (membrane-associated dopamine beta-monooxygenase) dopamine beta-oxidase activity dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity dopamine-B-hydroxylase activity 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating) dopa beta-hydroxylase activity 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol beta-oxidase activity dopamine b-hydroxylase activity phenylamine beta-hydroxylase activity (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine)beta-mono-oxygenase activity MetaCyc:DOPAMINE-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine + ascorbate + O2 = noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H2O. 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine beta-oxidase activity dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity propionyl-CoA synthetase activity EC:6.2.1.17 MetaCyc:PROPIONATE--COA-LIGASE-RXN propionate-CoA ligase activity molecular_function propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming) Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA. phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine biosynthesis PMME biosynthetic process biological_process phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine biosynthetic process PMME biosynthesis phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine anabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PMME), a derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine with a methylated amine group. phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine formation phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine synthesis response to ascorbic acid response to vitamin C response to L-ascorbate biological_process GOC:sl A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) stimulus. response to L-ascorbic acid cellular_component PMID:11352055 OBSOLETE. A complex of DNA and protein that seals the end of a chromosome. The telomeric DNA consists of simple tandemly repeated sequences specific for each species. Typically one strand is G-rich and the other C-rich. The G-rich strand forms a 3'-terminal overhang, the length of which varies with species. The single strand overhang is bound by a variety of proteins, including telomere capping proteins that bind to the single-stranded DNA. telomere This term was made obsolete because the definition was too sequence oriented and too restrictive. To update annotations, consider cellular_component terms 'chromosome, telomeric region ; GO:0000781' or its children and 'telomere cap complex ; GO:0000782' or its children. molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AAT codon. AAT codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, AAT codes for asparagine. ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the locus ceruleus to attain its fully functional state. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. biological_process This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. locus ceruleus maturation biological_process The binding of a peptide antigen to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family. peptide antigen assembly with MHC class Ib protein complex proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(0) (sensu Bacteria) cellular_component All non-F1 subunits of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral plasma membrane proteins. plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o) proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o) (sensu Bacteria) hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, F0 sector (sensu Bacteria) PMID:11884619 Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits. cellular_component telomerase holoenzyme complex Roundup metabolic process UM-BBD_pathwayID:gly Roundup metabolism glyphosate metabolic process biological_process glyphosate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyphosate, a broad-spectrum herbicide also known by the trade name Roundup. It is a member of a broad class of compounds known as phosphonic acids, which contain a direct carbon-to-phosphorus (C-P) bond. http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/gly/gly_map.html EC:3.1.1.27 4-pyridoxolactone lactonohydrolase activity MetaCyc:4-PYRIDOXOLACTONASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 4-pyridoxolactone + H2O = 4-pyridoxate. molecular_function 4-pyridoxolactonase activity molecular_function prostaglandin-A1 delta-isomerase activity EC:5.3.3.9 (13E)-(15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dienoate delta10-delta11-isomerase activity prostaglandin-A1 D-isomerase activity MetaCyc:PROSTAGLANDIN-A1-DELTA-ISOMERASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: (13E)-(15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dienoate = (13E)-(15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-11,13-dienoate. prostaglandin A isomerase activity interleukin-17 production biological_process IL-17 production The appearance of interleukin-17 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis phosphatidylethanolamine formation biological_process phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis phosphatidylethanolamine anabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. response to cobalamin A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalamin (vitamin B12) stimulus. response to vitamin B12 biological_process mineralocorticoid receptor binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with a mineralocorticoid receptor. PMID:12511169 MEK metabolism UM-BBD_pathwayID:mek MEK metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl ethyl ketone, a clear, colorless liquid with a fragrant, mint-like odor. It is used as a solvent and in making plastics, textiles and paints. http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/mek/mek_map.html methyl ethyl ketone metabolism methyl ethyl ketone metabolic process 2-butanone metabolism 2-butanone metabolic process The hexamer that possesses the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core cellular_component proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core biological_process The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by endosomal resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation. endosomal proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation proteolysis within endosome associated with antigen processing and presentation molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + protein tyrosine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + protein tyrosine-O-sulfate. EC:2.8.2.20 tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase activity 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:protein-tyrosine O-sulfotransferase activity protein-tyrosine sulfotransferase activity protein-tyrosine sulphotransferase activity MetaCyc:PROTEIN-TYROSINE-SULFOTRANSFERASE-RXN PMID:12960266 PMID:12752675 The process of apoptosis in neutrophils. apoptosis of neutrophils neutrophil apoptosis programmed cell death, neutrophils programmed cell death of neutrophils by apoptosis neutrophil programmed cell death by apoptosis biological_process interleukin-22 production The appearance of interleukin-22 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-22 production biological_process A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an ACG codon. ACG codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, ACG codes for threonine. molecular_function The process that gives rise to the locus ceruleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. biological_process This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. locus ceruleus formation biological_process The directed extracellular movement of carbohydrates. extracellular carbohydrate transport EC:3.6.1.29 dinucleosidetriphosphatase activity AP(3)Aase activity diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1),P(3)-triphosphate hydrolase activity molecular_function diadenosine 5,5-P1,P3-triphosphatase activity AP(3)A hydrolase activity bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase activity Catalysis of the reaction: P1-P3-bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate + H2O = ADP + AMP. MetaCyc:BIS(5'-ADENOSYL)-TRIPHOSPHATASE-RXN AP3Aase activity P1,P3-bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphate adenylohydrolase activity AP3A hydrolase activity diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P3-triphosphate hydrolase activity 1-P,3-P-bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphate adenylohydrolase activity snRNP U4atac cellular_component Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U4atac; a component of the minor spliceosome complex. GOC:krc cortisol receptor binding Interacting selectively with a cortisol receptor. molecular_function L-kynurenine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) EC:1.14.13.9 kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity molecular_function Reactome:12242 MetaCyc:KYNURENINE-3-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN kynurenine hydroxylase activity Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP+ + H2O. L-kynurenine-3-hydroxylase activity kynurenine 3-hydroxylase activity proteolysis within endoplasmic reticulum associated with antigen processing and presentation proteolysis within ER associated with antigen processing and presentation ER proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation endoplasmic reticulum proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by ER resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation. PMID:15224092 biological_process proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk (sensu Bacteria) cellular_component hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk (sensu Bacteria) plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the plasma membrane-associated F0 proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core. biological_process OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). methionine and threonine metabolic process This term was made obsolete because its use of 'and' was causing violations to the true-path rule. To update annotations, consider biological_process terms 'methionine metabolic process ; GO:0006555' or its children and 'threonine metabolic process ; GO:0006566' or its children. PMID:12956429 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-lymphocyte homeostasis B-cell homeostasis B lymphocyte homeostasis biological_process Note that this term represents the return of B cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of B cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. B cell homeostasis nucleoside hydrolase activity EC:3.2.2.1 nucleosidase activity MetaCyc:PURINE-NUCLEOSIDASE-RXN purine nucleoside hydrolase activity purine ribonucleosidase activity N-D-ribosylpurine ribohydrolase activity IAG-nucleoside hydrolase activity purine-nucleoside ribohydrolase activity Catalysis of the reaction: a N-D-ribosylpurine + H2O = a purine + D-ribose. N-ribosyl purine ribohydrolase activity IAG-NH activity purine beta-ribosidase activity purine nucleosidase activity inosine-adenosine-guanosine preferring nucleoside hydrolase activity purine nucleosidase reaction purine-specific nucleoside N-ribohydrolase activity nucleosidase g activity molecular_function ribonucleoside hydrolase activity biological_process The process by which the anatomical structure of the locus ceruleus is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. locus ceruleus morphogenesis This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. interleukin-23 production biological_process IL-23 production The appearance of interleukin-23 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process The transport of substances that occurs outside cells. extracellular transport biological_process phospholipid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. phospholipid metabolic process snRNP U6atac Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U6atac; a component of the minor spliceosome complex. cellular_component ecdysone modification molecular_function EC:1.14.99.22 alpha-ecdysone C-20 hydroxylase activity Catalysis of the reaction: ecdysone + donor-H2 + O2 = 20-hydroxyecdysone + acceptor + H2O. ecdysone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating) MetaCyc:ECDYSONE-20-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity ecdysone 20-hydroxylase activity methanesulphonic acid metabolism biological_process methanesulphonic acid metabolic process methanesulfonic acid metabolism UM-BBD_pathwayID:msa The chemical reactions and pathways involving methanesulfonic acid, a strong acid produced by the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide. methanesulfonic acid metabolic process biological_process A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. PMID:11027914 response to corticosteroid stimulus proteosomal proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation biological_process The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by the proteosome complex contributing to antigen processing and presentation. proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk cellular_component One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the membrane-associated Fo proteins; rotates within the catalytic core during catalysis. locus ceruleus development This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. locus coeruleus development locus caeruleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. biological_process The appearance of interleukin-20 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-20 production biological_process interleukin-20 production EC:2.7.1.35 pyridoxamine kinase activity vitamin B6 kinase activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyridoxal = ADP + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. vitamin B(6) kinase activity MetaCyc:PYRIDOXKIN-RXN ATP:pyridoxal 5'-phosphotransferase activity pyridoxine kinase activity pyridoxal 5-phosphate-kinase activity pyridoxal kinase (phosphorylating) molecular_function pyridoxal kinase activity pyridoxal phosphokinase activity snRNP U11 Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U11; a component of the minor spliceosome complex. cellular_component membrane lipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. membrane lipid metabolism biological_process Any process by which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism by regulating the second organism's complement system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/ies/ces.html active immune evasion via regulation of complement system of other organism active immune evasion via modulation of complement system of other organism biological_process active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of complement system of other organism during symbiotic interaction The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of, within or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages. biological_process oligopeptide transport peptidylglycine 2-hydroxylase activity EC:1.14.17.3 PAM-A peptide alpha-amide synthase activity Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glycine + ascorbate + O2 = peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) + dehydroascorbate + H2O. peptidyl alpha-amidating enzyme activity synthase, peptide alpha-amide PAM-B PAM activity peptide alpha-amidating enzyme peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylase activity molecular_function MetaCyc:PEPTIDYLGLYCINE-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase activity peptidylglycine monooxygenase activity peptidylglycine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating) peptide-alpha-amide synthetase activity 3-hydroxytoluene metabolic process m-cresol metabolism MetaCyc:M-CRESOL-DEGRADATION-PWY meta-cresol metabolism biological_process 3-hydroxytoluene metabolism meta-cresol metabolic process m-cresol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving m-cresol (3-hydroxytoluene), the meta-isoform of cresol. Used to produce agricultural chemicals, and in specialty resins, pharmaceuticals and pressure-sensitive dyes. neutrophil homeostasis Note that this term represents the return of neutrophil levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. biological_process proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation biological_process The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein contributing to antigen processing and presentation. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core (sensu Bacteria) cellular_component The hexamer that possesses the catalytic activity of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core (sensu Bacteria) plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem. biological_process biological_process IL-21 production The appearance of interleukin-21 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-21 production queuine transfer ribonucleate ribosyltransferase activity EC:2.4.2.29 transfer ribonucleate glycosyltransferase activity tRNA guanine transglycosidase activity guanine insertion enzyme activity queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase activity [tRNA]-guanine:queuine tRNA-D-ribosyltransferase activity MetaCyc:QUEUOSINE-TRNA-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA guanine + queuine = tRNA queuine + guanine. molecular_function guanine, queuine-tRNA transglycosylase activity tRNA transglycosylase activity tRNA-guanine transglycosylase activity Q-insertase activity The directed movement of eye pigment precursors, the inactive forms of visual pigments, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process eye pigment precursor transport snRNP U12 cellular_component Ribonucleoprotein complex containing small nuclear RNA U12; a component of the minor spliceosome complex. biological_process PMID:12439615 Any process by which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism which directly affects the second organism's immune system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. active immune evasion active evasion of immune response of other organism during symbiotic interaction triglyceride mobilization The release of triacylglycerols, any triester of glycerol, from storage within cells or tissues, making them available for metabolism. PMID:15713625 PMID:11943743 biological_process triacylglycerol mobilization EC:1.14.18.1 o-diphenol oxidoreductase N-acetyl-6-hydroxytryptophan oxidase activity tyrosinase activity polyphenolase activity monophenol dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase activity chlorogenic acid oxidase activity o-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase catecholase monophenol oxidase activity MetaCyc:MONOPHENOL-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN monophenolase activity polyaromatic oxidase activity cresolase activity o-diphenol oxidase activity tyrosine-dopa oxidase activity dopa oxidase monophenol,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase activity Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + L-DOPA + O2 = L-DOPA + DOPAquinone + H2O. pyrocatechol oxidase phenol oxidase activity monophenol, dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxygen oxidoreductase activity prophenol oxidase o-diphenol:O2 oxidoreductase activity phenolase activity monophenol monooxidase activity chlorogenic oxidase activity monophenol monooxygenase activity PMID:2494997 monophenol oxygenase molecular_function delta-aminovalerate transaminase activity EC:2.6.1.48 delta-aminovalerate aminotransferase activity 5-aminovalerate transaminase activity MetaCyc:5-AMINOVALERATE-AMINOTRANSFERASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 5-aminopentanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = 5-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate. 5-aminovalerate aminotransferase activity molecular_function 5-aminopentanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity UM-BBD_pathwayID:mca mandelate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving mandelate, the anion of mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is used in organic chemistry and as a urinary antiseptic. mandelic acid metabolism mandelate metabolic process mandelic acid metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail. carotenoid metabolism biological_process carotenoid metabolic process 2-oxoglutarate:glyoxylate succinaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating) EC:2.2.1.5 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase activity alpha-ketoglutaric-glyoxylic carboligase activity MetaCyc:2-HYDROXY-3-OXOADIPATE-SYNTHASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + glyoxylate = 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate + CO2 . oxoglutarate: glyoxylate carboligase activity oxoglutarate:glyoxylate carboligase activity 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate glyoxylate-lyase (carboxylating) activity 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthetase activity molecular_function catalase reaction CAT EC:1.11.1.6 Reactome:76029 Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H2O2 = O2 + 2 H2O. catalase-peroxidase activity catalase activity GO:0016953 equilase activity hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase activity heme catalase activity bacterial catalase-peroxidase activity molecular_function manganese catalase activity optidase activity MetaCyc:CATAL-RXN caperase activity haem catalase activity GO:0016952 response to lipopolysaccharide A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of lipopolysaccharide, a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. ISBN:0721601464 biological_process response to LPS 5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase activity MetaCyc:5-HYDROXYPENTANOATE-COA-TRANSFERASE-RXN EC:2.8.3.14 Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + 5-hydroxypentanoate = acetate + 5-hydroxy-pentanoyl-CoA. acetyl-CoA:5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase activity 5-hydroxyvalerate CoA-transferase activity 5-hydroxyvalerate coenzyme A transferase activity molecular_function biological_process chemoperception detection of chemical substance The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. perception of chemical substance detection of chemical stimulus perception of chemical stimulus molecular_function MetaCyc:GALACTITOL-2-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN EC:1.1.1.16 Catalysis of the reaction: galactitol + NAD+ = D-tagatose + NADH. galactitol 2-dehydrogenase activity active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of cytokine network of other organism during symbiotic interaction biological_process Any process by which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism by regulating the second organism's cytokine networks, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/ies/cytok.html#Manipulation active immune evasion via regulation of cytokine network of other organism active immune evasion via modulation of cytokine network of other organism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine). biological_process ethanolamine catabolism ethanolamine degradation ethanolamine catabolic process ethanolamine breakdown MetaCyc:GALACTOLIPASE-RXN galactolipid lipase activity EC:3.1.1.26 galactolipase activity polygalactolipase activity 1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol acylhydrolase activity molecular_function galactolipid acylhydrolase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + 2 H2O = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + 2 carboxylates. candelabrum cell differentiation This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature candelabrum cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a candelabrum cell fate. A candelabrum cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. interleukin-16 production biological_process The appearance of interleukin-16 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-16 production down-regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation biological_process Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues. downregulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation down regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation inhibition of protein amino acid autophosphorylation negative regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation A change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process basophil activation during immune response PMID:7729583 PMID:10751167 Partial constriction of the cytoplasm of an embryo to form a furrow that resembles a cleavage furrow but does not complete cytokinesis. biological_process pseudocleavage EC:1.10.3.1 phenolase activity o-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase pyrocatechol oxidase tyrosinase activity dopa oxidase 1,2-benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity diphenol oxidase activity molecular_function catecholase o-diphenolase activity o-diphenol oxidoreductase catechol oxidase activity MetaCyc:CATECHOL-OXIDASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 2 catechol + O2 = 2 1,2-benzoquinone + 2 H2O. polyphenol oxidase activity EC:1.16.1.8 methionine synthase-methylcob(I)alamin,S-adenosylhomocysteine:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity methionine synthase cob(II)alamin reductase (methylating) activity [methionine synthase]-cobalamin methyltransferase (cob(II)alamin reducing) activity methionine synthase reductase activity molecular_function [methionine synthase] reductase activity Catalysis of the reaction: [methionine synthase]-cob(II)alamin + NADPH + H+ + S-adenosyl methionine = [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin + S-adenosylhomocysteine + NADP+. Note that this was EC:2.1.1.135. methionine synthase-cobalamin methyltransferase (cob(II)alamin reducing) MetaCyc:2.1.1.135-RXN 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase MetaCyc:CAROTENOID-PWY carotenoid synthesis carotenoid anabolism carotenoid biosynthesis carotenoid formation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail. biological_process carotenoid biosynthetic process response to muramyl dipeptide A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of muramyl dipeptide. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan. biological_process propylmalic synthase activity EC:2.3.3.6 MetaCyc:2-ETHYLMALATE-SYNTHASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + 2-oxobutanoate = (R)-2-ethylmalate + CoA . molecular_function (R)-2-ethylmalate 2-oxobutanoyl-lyase (CoA-acetylating) activity 2-ethylmalate synthase activity 2-ethylmalate-3-hydroxybutanedioate synthase activity acetyl-CoA:2-oxobutanoate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming) propylmalate synthase activity ethanolamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine). ethanolamine formation biological_process ethanolamine anabolism ethanolamine synthesis ethanolamine biosynthesis L-asparagine transport The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process asparagine transport active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of antigen processing and presentation in other organism during symbiotic interaction active immune evasion via regulation of antigen processing and presentation in other organism active immune evasion via modulation of antigen processing/presentation in other organism active immune evasion via modulation of antigen processing and presentation in other organism active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of antigen processing and presentation pathway in other organism during symbiotic interaction Any process by which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism by regulating the second organism's antigen processing or presentation pathways, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process molecular_function MetaCyc:5-PYRIDOXATE-DIOXYGENASE-RXN EC:1.14.12.5 Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 2-(acetamidomethylene)-3-(hydroxymethyl)succinate + NADP+. 5-pyridoxate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (decyclizing) 5-pyridoxate oxidase activity 5-pyridoxate dioxygenase activity The appearance of interleukin-15 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-15 production biological_process interleukin-15 production hypotaurocyamine kinase activity molecular_function ATP:hypotaurocyamine N-phosphotransferase activity EC:2.7.3.6 Catalysis of the reaction: hypotaurocyamine + ATP = N(omega)-phosphohypotaurocyamine + ADP. MetaCyc:HYPOTAUROCYAMINE-KINASE-RXN The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements. biological_process inferior olive development inferior olivary nucleus development This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. detection of nutrient perception of nutrients nutrient sensing biological_process The series of events in which a nutrient stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of nutrients sorocarp formation fruiting body formation (sensu Dictyosteliida) sorocarp biosynthesis biological_process sorocarp development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sorocarp over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the aggregation of individual cells and ends with the mature sorocarp. The sorocarp is a structure containing a spore-bearing sorus that sits on top of a stalk. ISBN:0521583640 DictyBase paper repository DDB_REF:2530 fruiting body development (sensu Dictyosteliida) The change in morphology and behavior of a myeloid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process myeloid dendritic cell activation during immune response up-regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues. positive regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation upregulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation activation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation stimulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation up regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation biological_process cerebroside-sulphatase activity cerebroside-sulfatase activity molecular_function EC:3.1.6.8 MetaCyc:CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE-RXN arylsulfatase A activity cerebroside sulfate sulfatase activity cerebroside-3-sulfate 3-sulfohydrolase activity Catalysis of the reaction: a cerebroside 3-sulfate + H2O = a cerebroside + SO4(2-) (sulfate). The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail. carotenoid degradation biological_process carotenoid breakdown carotenoid catabolism carotenoid catabolic process response to peptidoglycan A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule. biological_process GOC:cc The process by which an organism or its progeny spreads from one location to another within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process movement within other organism during symbiotic interaction Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids. down-regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process inhibition of glucocorticoid catabolic process biological_process downregulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process down regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process negative regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process phosphatidylethanolamine catabolic process phosphatidylethanolamine breakdown biological_process phosphatidylethanolamine catabolism phosphatidylethanolamine degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. cellular_component GOC:ef The nerve ending is the structure in which the distal end of the axon of a nerve fiber terminates. Sensory nerve endings are classified as either free or encapsulated. The free nerve ending are the most common type of nerve ending, and are most frequently found in the skin. nerve ending nerve terminal EC:3.5.4.23 MetaCyc:BLASTICIDIN-S-DEAMINASE-RXN blasticidin-S deaminase activity molecular_function blasticidin-S aminohydrolase activity Catalysis of the reaction: blasticidin S + H2O = deaminohydroxyblasticidin S + NH3. geranyl pyrophosphate:(-)-endo-fenchol cyclase activity EC:4.2.3.10 molecular_function (-)-endo-fenchol cyclase activity Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + geranyl-PP = pyrophosphate + (-)-endo-fenchol. MetaCyc:4.2.3.10-RXN geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (-)-endo-fenchol-forming] (-)-endo-fenchol synthase activity pyrimidine nucleotide transport The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell. biological_process perception of biotic stimulus detection of biotic stimulus biological_process GO:0009596 GOC:hb The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal. cerebellar stellate cell differentiation This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar stellate cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a cerebellar stellate cell fate. A cerebellar stellate cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. biological_process A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. myeloid leucocyte activation myeloid leukocyte activation interleukin-14 production IL-14 production The appearance of interleukin-14 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process diacylglycerol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacylglycerol, a glycerol molecule substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with long chain fatty acyl residues. DAG is a normal intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidyl phospholipids and is released from them by phospholipase C activity. DAG from phosphatidyl inositol polyphosphates is important in signal transduction. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ diacylglycerol metabolism biological_process CCR4 chemokine receptor ligand Interacting selectively with a CCR4 chemokine receptor. molecular_function CCR4 chemokine receptor binding positive regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process up-regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process upregulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process activation of glucocorticoid catabolic process biological_process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids. up regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process stimulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process tripeptide transport biological_process The directed movement of a tripeptide, a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, into, out of, within or between cells. antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway biological_process The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family. endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib via ER pathway carotene metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids. carotene metabolism response to bacterial lipoprotein biological_process A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of bacterial lipoprotein. PMID:12077222 molecular_function chitin amidohydrolase activity EC:3.5.1.41 chitin deacetylase activity MetaCyc:CHITIN-DEACETYLASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: chitin + H2O = chitosan + acetate. biological_process The directional movement of an organism from one place to another within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. migration within other organism during symbiotic interaction Interacting selectively with a microfibril, any small fibril occurring in biological material. molecular_function microfibril binding See also the cellular component term 'microfibril ; GO:0001527'. phosphatidylethanolamine metabolic process phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. It is a major structural phospholipid in mammalian systems. It tends to be more abundant than phosphatidylcholine in the internal membranes of the cell and is an abundant component of prokaryotic membranes. biological_process EC:1.13.12.6 Catalysis of the reaction: Cypridina luciferin + O2 = oxidized Cypridina luciferin + CO2 + light. MetaCyc:CYPRIDINA-LUCIFERIN-2-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN Cypridina luciferase activity luciferase activity molecular_function luciferase (Cypridina luciferin) Cypridina-luciferin:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) Cypridina-luciferin 2-monooxygenase activity Cypridina-type luciferase activity cypridina-type luciferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate = ADP + 6-phospho-5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate. MetaCyc:5-DEHYDRO-2-DEOXYGLUCONOKINASE-RXN EC:2.7.1.92 5-keto-2-deoxygluconokinase activity ATP:5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphotransferase activity DKH kinase activity 5-keto-2-deoxyglucono kinase (phosphorylating) 5-dehydro-2-deoxygluconokinase activity molecular_function amino acid transport biological_process The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells. GO:0006866 cerebellar unipolar brush cell differentiation This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. The process whereby neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature unipolar brush cell in the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a unipolar brush cell fate. A unipolar brush cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. biological_process interleukin-13 production IL-13 production The appearance of interleukin-13 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process myeloid cell activation during immune response regulation of protein amino acid autophosphorylation biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues. pseudocleavage during syncytial blastoderm formation pseudocleavage (sensu Insecta) Formation of furrows in the cytoplasm between nuclei during cell cycles in embryos in the syncytial blastoderm stage. biological_process antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-dependent TAP-dependent endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib via ER pathway TAP-dependent antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway endogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-dependent The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family. biological_process dipeptide transport The directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process AGG codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, AGG codes for arginine. A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AGG codon. molecular_function MetaCyc:6-HYDROXYNICOTINATE-REDUCTASE-RXN EC:1.3.7.1 Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxonicotinate + oxidized ferredoxin = 6-hydroxynicotinate + reduced ferredoxin. HNA reductase activity 6-hydroxynicotinate reductase activity 6-oxotetrahydronicotinate dehydrogenase activity molecular_function 6-hydroxynicotinic reductase activity 6-oxotetrahydro-nicotinate dehydrogenase activity 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxonicotinate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity 6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity 3-methylquinoline metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-methylquinoline, C10H9N, an aromatic compound composed of a benzene ring and a heterocyclic N-containing ring. UM-BBD_pathwayID:mqn 3-methylquinoline metabolism The production of structures and/or molecules in an organism that are required for the acquisition and/or utilization of nutrients obtained from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process acquisition of nutrients from other organism during symbiotic interaction nucleotide transport The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell. biological_process very-long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase activity very-long-chain fatty acid activation molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a very-long-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; very-long-chain fatty acids have chain lengths of greater than C18. EC:6.2.1.3 very-long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity tripeptide transporter activity molecular_function Enables the directed movement of a tripeptide, a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, into, out of, within or between cells. proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk (sensu Bacteria) One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the plasma membrane-associated Fo proteins; rotates within the catalytic core during catalysis. hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk (sensu Bacteria) cellular_component plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk perception of virus biological_process The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of virus indanol dehydrogenase activity molecular_function MetaCyc:INDANOL-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN EC:1.1.1.112 Catalysis of the reaction: indan-1-ol + NAD(P)+ = indanone + NAD(P)H + H+. indan-1-ol:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductase activity molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GTT codon. Note that in the standard genetic code, GTT codes for valine. GTT codon-amino acid adaptor activity purine transport biological_process The directed movement of purines, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of, within or between cells. GO:0015852 regulation of morphology of other organism modification of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction biological_process regulation of physiology of other organism regulation of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction regulation of physiological process in other organism modulation of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction The process by which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. EC:4.1.1.52 6-methylsalicylate carboxy-lyase (3-cresol-forming) 6-methylsalicylate carboxy-lyase activity MetaCyc:6-METHYLSALICYLATE-DECARBOXYLASE-RXN molecular_function 6-MSA decarboxylase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 6-methylsalicylate = 3-cresol + CO2. 6-methylsalicylic acid (2,6-cresotic acid) decarboxylase activity 6-methylsalicylate decarboxylase activity naphthalene metabolic process UM-BBD_pathwayID:naph naphthalene metabolism http://www.iversonsoftware.com/reference/chemistry/n/Naphthalene.htm The chemical reactions and pathways involving naphthalene, a fused ring bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon commonly found in crude oil and oil products. Naphthalene is familiar as the compound that gives mothballs their odor; it is used in the manufacture of plastics, dyes, solvents, and other chemicals, as well as being used as an antiseptic and insecticide. biological_process detection of peptidoglycan The series of events in which a peptidoglycan stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule. biological_process PMID:12606724 Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a corticosteroid binding to its receptor. corticosteroid receptor signalling pathway biological_process corticosteroid receptor signaling pathway respiratory chain complex I Note that this term represents a location and not a function; the activity possessed by this complex is mentioned in the definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. The function possessed by this complex is represented by the molecular function term 'NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity ; GO:0008137'. NADH-Q oxidoreductase complex cellular_component NADH dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain. It consists of at least 34 polypeptide chains and is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex. ISBN:0716749556 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex GO:0045279 Catalysis of the reaction: indole + O2 = 2-formylaminobenzaldehyde. MetaCyc:INDOLE-2,3-DIOXYGENASE-RXN EC:1.13.11.17 indole:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) indole:O2 oxidoreductase activity IDO molecular_function indole-oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) indole oxidase activity indole 2,3-dioxygenase activity dipeptide transporter activity Enables the directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of, within or between cells. molecular_function EC:3.1.1.33 6-acetyl-D-glucose acetylhydrolase activity 6-O-acetylglucose deacetylase activity 6-acetylglucose deacetylase activity MetaCyc:6-ACETYLGLUCOSE-DEACETYLASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 6-acetyl-D-glucose + H2O = D-glucose + acetate. molecular_function biological_process neutral lipid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity. neutral lipid metabolic process disruption of cells of other organism during symbiotic interaction biological_process A process by which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. extracellular amino acid transport biological_process The directed extracellular movement of amino acids. biological_process The series of events in which a muramyl dipeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan. PMID:15998797 GOC:rl detection of muramyl dipeptide The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process eosinophil activation during immune response short-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a short-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; short-chain fatty acids have chain lengths of less than 8 carbons. molecular_function short-chain fatty acid activation short-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity The directed movement of achromobactin, a citrate siderophore, into, out of, within or between cells. PMID:10928541 biological_process achromobactin transport AGT codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, AGT codes for serine. A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AGT codon. molecular_function plasma membrane respiratory chain complex I cellular_component A subcomplex of the respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone. respiratory chain complex I (sensu Bacteria) NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex (sensu Bacteria) molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + imidazole = CoA + N-acetylimidazole. MetaCyc:IMIDAZOLE-N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE-RXN EC:2.3.1.2 imidazole acetyltransferase activity imidazole N-acetyltransferase activity imidazole acetylase activity acetyl-CoA:imidazole N-acetyltransferase activity EC:1.14.11.14 (6S)-6-hydroxyhyoscyamine,2-oxoglutarate oxidoreductase (epoxide-forming) MetaCyc:6-BETA-HYDROXYHYOSCYAMINE-EPOXIDASE-RXN hydroxyhyoscyamine dioxygenase activity 6beta-hydroxyhyoscyamine epoxidase activity Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6-hydroxyhyoscyamine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = scopolamine + succinate + CO2. molecular_function 6-beta-hydroxyhyoscyamine epoxidase activity acylglycerol metabolism acylglycerol metabolic process glyceride metabolic process glyceride metabolism biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids. A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AGA codon. molecular_function AGA codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, AGA codes for arginine. induction of tumor, nodule, or growth in other organism during symbiotic interaction biological_process The process by which an organism causes the formation of an abnormal mass of cells in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. detection of LPS The series of events in which a lipopolysaccharide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. biological_process detection of lipopolysaccharide mast cell activation during immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process medium-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase activity medium-chain fatty acid activation molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a medium-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; medium-chain fatty acids have chain lengths of C8-12. medium-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AGC codon. molecular_function Note that in the standard genetic code, AGC codes for serine. AGC codon-amino acid adaptor activity Enables the directed movement of achromobactin, a citrate siderophore, into, out of, within or between cells. molecular_function achromobactin transporter activity A part of the respiratory chain, containing the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain. cellular_component respiratory chain complex II MetaCyc:IMIDAZOLEACETATE-4-MONOOXYGENASE-RXN EC:1.14.13.5 imidazoleacetic monooxygenase activity 4-imidazoleacetate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating) imidazoleacetic hydroxylase activity imidazoleacetate 4-monooxygenase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: 4-imidazoleacetate + NADH + O2 = 5-hydroxy-4-imidazoleacetate + NAD+ + H2O. imidazoleacetate hydroxylase activity stromal cell-derived factor 1 receptor binding CXCR4 chemokine receptor ligand CXCR4 chemokine receptor binding Interacting selectively with a CXCR4 chemokine receptor. molecular_function PMID:8837459 Enables the directed movement of the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine) into, out of, within or between cells. molecular_function chrysobactin transporter activity molecular_function Interacting selectively with the SNAP receptor syntaxin-6. syntaxin-6 binding nexine Note that nexine is distinguished on purely morphological criteria; compare with 'endexine ; GO:0043671'. See also 'sexine ; GO:0043673'. cellular_component The inner, non-sculptured part of the exine which lies below the sexine. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ betaine/GABA:sodium symporter activity molecular_function L-gamma-aminobutyrate transporter activity 4-aminobutanoate transporter activity GABA transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of L-gamma-aminobutyric acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-gamma-aminobutyric acid is 4-aminobutyrate (GABA). 4-aminobutyrate transporter activity L-gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity L-gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter activity OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). molecular_function vesicle fusion This term was made obsolete because it represents a biological process and not a molecular function. To update annotations, consider biological_process terms 'synaptic vesicle to endosome fusion ; GO:0016189', 'vesicle fusion ; GO:0006906' or its children, 'vesicle fusion with nuclear membrane ; GO:0007086', 'vesicle fusion with peroxisome ; GO:0019817', and 'vesicle-mediated transport ; GO:0016192' or its children. intrinsic to external side of outer membrane Located in the outer membrane of the cell such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side opposite to the side that faces the periplasm. cellular_component intrinsic to external side of cell outer membrane transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type II receptor transforming growth factor beta binding Interacting selectively with TGFbeta, transforming growth factor beta, a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. molecular_function TGFbeta binding TGF-beta binding transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type I receptor biological_process The directed movement of the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine) into, out of, within or between cells. chrysobactin transport CXCR5 chemokine receptor ligand molecular_function type 1 Burkitt's lymphoma receptor binding Interacting selectively with a CXCR5 chemokine receptor. CXCR5 chemokine receptor binding cellular_component The outer, sculptured layer of the exine, which lies above the nexine. Note that the sexine sometimes consists of 5 layers, but of those, 3 layers are the most common (sexine 1 = columellae; sexine 2 = tectum; sexine 3 = sculpture elements). Sexine is distinguished on purely morphological criteria; compare with 'ectexine ; GO:0043669'. See also 'nexine ; GO:0043672'. sexine L-cystine transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of L-cystine from one side of a membrane to the other. molecular_function cystine/diaminopimelate porter activity L-cystine transporter activity OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). molecular_function This term was made obsolete because it represents a biological process and not a molecular function. To update annotations, use biological_process term 'vesicle-mediated transport ; GO:0016192'. vesicle transport biological_process purine ribonucleotide metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. purine ribonucleotide metabolic process extrinsic to cell outer membrane extrinsic to outer membrane (sensu Gram-negative Bacteria) Loosely bound to one surface of the outer membrane of the cell, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. cellular_component extrinsic to outer membrane (sensu ProteoBacteria) mineralocorticoid receptor signalling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a mineralocorticoid binding to its receptor. biological_process mineralocorticoid receptor signaling pathway foot layer The inner layer of the ectexine. cellular_component nexine 1 hemoglobin alpha binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with a hemoglobin alpha chain. molecular_function Enables the directed movement of the siderochrome enterochelin, a cyclic trimer of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoylserine into, out of, within or between cells. enterochelin transporter activity enterobactin transporter activity EC:1.1.1.184 Catalysis of the reaction: R-CHOH-R' + NADP+ = R-CO-R' + NADPH + H+. NADPH2-dependent carbonyl reductase activity aldehyde reductase 1 xenobiotic ketone reductase activity nonspecific NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase activity ALR3 carbonyl reductase (NADPH) activity aldehyde reductase I activity secondary-alcohol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity molecular_function carbonyl reductase activity prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase activity MetaCyc:CARBONYL-REDUCTASE-(NADPH)-RXN NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase activity Catalysis of the transfer of glycine from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycine is aminoethanoic acid. molecular_function glycine transporter activity proline/glycine/betaine:hydrogen/sodium symporter activity glycine betaine/proline porter activity glycine transmembrane transporter activity biological_process host cell protein transport GOC:mb The directed movement of a symbiont's proteins within a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. intracellular protein transport in host purine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process biological_process purine deoxyribonucleotide metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. biological_process activation of JNK cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. GOC:bf positive regulation of JNK cascade stimulation of JNK cascade up-regulation of JNK cascade upregulation of JNK cascade up regulation of JNK cascade SNAP Interacting selectively with both N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) and a cis-SNARE complex (i.e. a SNARE complex in which all proteins are associated with the same membrane) and increasing the ATPase activity of NSF, thereby allowing ATP hydrolysis by NSF to disassemble the cis-SNARE complex. PMID:15556857 molecular_function soluble NSF attachment protein activity The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units. biological_process tetraterpenoid breakdown tetraterpene catabolic process tetraterpenoid catabolic process tetraterpenoid catabolism tetraterpenoid degradation tetraterpene catabolism Loosely bound to the surface of the outer membrane of the cell that faces the cytoplasm, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. extrinsic to internal side of outer membrane cellular_component extrinsic to internal side of cell outer membrane actin rod formation The assembly of actin rods, a cellular structure consisting of parallel, hexagonally arranged actin tubules. PMID:14706699 GOC:pg biological_process The inner part of the exine, which stains. cellular_component endexine Note that endexine is distinguished on staining properties; compare with 'sexine ; GO:0043673'. See also 'ectexine ; GO:0043669'. hemoglobin beta binding Interacting selectively with a hemoglobin beta chain. molecular_function biological_process enterochelin transport The directed movement of the siderochrome enterobactin, a cyclic trimer of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoylserine into, out of, within or between cells. enterobactin transport serine esterase activity carboxylic acid esterase activity EC:3.1.1 carboxylate esterase activity carboxylesterase activity EC:3.1.1.1 Ali-esterase activity carboxyl ester hydrolase activity butyrate esterase activity ali-esterase activity cocaine esterase activity carboxylic-ester hydrolase activity carboxylic ester hydrolase activity GO:0004302 alpha-carboxylesterase activity propionyl esterase Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylic anion. B-esterase activity monobutyrase activity butyryl esterase activity carboxylic esterase activity triacetin esterase molecular_function MetaCyc:CARBOXYLESTERASE-RXN vitamin A esterase esterase B methylbutyrase activity nonspecific carboxylesterase activity methylbutyrate esterase GO:0004759 esterase A procaine esterase activity carboxyesterase activity GO:0016789 molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of L-glutamine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamine is 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. asparagine/glutamine permease activity L-glutamine transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine during the synthesis of quinone cofactors such as ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), menaquinone (vitamin K2), plastoquinone and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). molecular_function quinone cofactor methyltransferase activity purine ribonucleotide synthesis purine ribonucleotide anabolism purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process biological_process purine ribonucleotide formation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). molecular_function vesicle targeting This term was made obsolete because it represents a biological process and not a molecular function. To update annotations, consider biological_process terms 'synaptic vesicle targeting ; GO:0016080' and 'vesicle targeting ; GO:0006903' or its children. polyterpenoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with more than eight isoprene units. polyterpenoid metabolism biological_process polyterpene metabolism polyterpene metabolic process intrinsic to internal side of outer membrane Located in the outer membrane of the cell such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached moiety such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side that faces the periplasm. cellular_component intrinsic to internal side of cell outer membrane molecular_function GO:0004094 EC:2.3.1.7 Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + carnitine = CoA + O-acetylcarnitine. carnitine O-acetyltransferase activity carnitine-acetyl-CoA transferase activity carnitine acetyltransferase activity GO:0004093 carnitine O-acetyltransferase II activity acetylcarnitine transferase activity acetyl-CoA:carnitine O-acetyltransferase activity MetaCyc:CARNITINE-O-ACETYLTRANSFERASE-RXN carnitine acetylase activity carnitine O-acetyltransferase I activity acetyl-CoA-carnitine O-acetyltransferase activity carnitine acetyl coenzyme A transferase activity CATC plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response biological_process The process whereby an immature plasmacytoid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature plasmacytoid dendritic cell during an immune response. PMID:15990333 CCR2 chemokine receptor binding Interacting selectively with a CCR2 chemokine receptor. monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor binding molecular_function CCR2 chemokine receptor ligand alkene anabolism alkene synthesis alkene formation alkene biosynthetic process biological_process alkene biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkene, unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. nonmotile primary cilium cellular_component GOC:kna An immotile primary cilium that may be missing the central pair of microtubules, or the central pair of microtubules and outer dynein arms. Some primary cilia also have altered arrangements of outer microtubules (fewer than nine and/or not always present as doublets). Nonmotile primary cilia typically function as sensory organelles that concentrate and organize sensory signaling molecules. The layer of sexine which forms a roof over the columella, granules or other infratectal elements. sexine 2 cellular_component tectum prostaglandin endoperoxide E isomerase activity EC:5.3.99.3 prostaglandin R-prostaglandin E isomerase activity (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate E-isomerase activity prostaglandin endoperoxide E2 isomerase activity prostaglandin H-E isomerase activity PGH-PGE isomerase activity molecular_function prostaglandin-H2 E-isomerase activity prostaglandin-E synthase activity MetaCyc:PROSTAGLANDIN-E-SYNTHASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate. PGE isomerase activity PGE2 isomerase activity Prostaglandin-H(2) E-isomerase activity endoperoxide isomerase activity protein acetyltransferase complex cellular_component A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to a protein acceptor molecule. SMAD binding Interacting selectively with a SMAD signaling protein. molecular_function detection of molecule of oomycetes origin detection of oomycetes associated molecule The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of oomycetes origin is received and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process germination pore A small pore in the outer wall of a mycelial spore through which the germ tube exits upon germination. It can be apical or eccentric in its location. germ pore cellular_component polyterpenoid biosynthesis polyterpene biosynthesis polyterpenoid anabolism polyterpenoid biosynthetic process polyterpenoid synthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with more than eight isoprene units. polyterpenoid formation polyterpene biosynthetic process biological_process beta-amyloid metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP). beta-amyloid metabolism fruiting body formation (sensu Bacteria) For example, as seen in myxobacterium and Dictyostelium. fruiting body development (sensu Bacteria) The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruiting body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins when cells respond to a lack of nutrients in the environment and ends when the fruiting body is a mature structure. PMID:11121786 ISBN:0815316194 fruiting body development in cellular response to starvation biological_process arginine permease activity molecular_function arginine transmembrane transporter activity L-arginine transporter activity Catalysis of the stereospecific transfer of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, across a biological membrane. histidine/arginine/lysine/ornithine porter activity GO:0005288 Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. molecular_function potassium channel activity purine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process purine deoxyribonucleotide anabolism purine deoxyribonucleotide formation purine deoxyribonucleotide synthesis biological_process purine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. purine ribonucleotide breakdown purine ribonucleotide catabolic process biological_process purine ribonucleotide degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. purine ribonucleotide catabolism CCR3 chemokine receptor ligand eosinophil eotaxin receptor binding Interacting selectively with a CCR3 chemokine receptor. molecular_function CCR3 chemokine receptor binding cellular_component GOC:kva A cilium that consists of a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, radial spokes, and a dynein apparatus. Motile cilia, found on cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues, beat with a characteristic whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface. motile secondary cilium plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation The process whereby a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell. PMID:16174108 biological_process alkene breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkene, unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. alkene catabolic process biological_process alkene degradation alkene catabolism molecular_function Interacting selectively with denatured proteins. denatured protein binding Note that this term should not be confused with 'unfolded protein binding ; GO:0051082', which usually refers to proteins that have not yet folded into their active states. Denatured proteins once were in their correct functional conformations, but have become incorrectly folded, and often form aggregates. The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of fungal origin is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of fungus associated molecule detection of fungal associated molecule biological_process detection of molecule of fungal origin biological_process positive regulation of viral transcription upregulation of viral transcription up-regulation of viral transcription Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription. Reactome:167246 up regulation of viral transcription stimulation of viral transcription activation of viral transcription lateral inhibition Signaling between cells of equivalent developmental potential that results in these cells adopting different developmental fates. An example is the suppression by cells with a particular fate of the adoption of the same fate by surrounding cells. biological_process polyterpenoid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with more than eight isoprene units. polyterpene catabolic process polyterpenoid degradation polyterpenoid catabolism polyterpene catabolism biological_process polyterpenoid breakdown cellular_component The innermost of the major layers of the pollen grain wall which underlies the exine and borders the cytoplasm. Note that the intine is not acetolysis resistant and is therefore absent in conventionally prepared palynological material. intine L-alanine transmembrane transporter activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of L-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-alanine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid. L-alanine transporter activity The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruiting body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A fruiting body is a multicellular structure that contains spores. biological_process fruiting body formation fruiting body development fruiting body development L-aspartate transmembrane transporter activity glutamate/aspartate porter activity glutamate/aspartate:sodium symporter activity L-aspartate transporter activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of L-aspartate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-aspartate is the anion derived from aspartic acid. biological_process purine deoxyribonucleotide breakdown purine deoxyribonucleotide degradation purine deoxyribonucleotide catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. purine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation biological_process A change in the morphology or behavior of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. PMID:16174109 Sim4 complex PMID:15897182 PMID:12719471 GOC:vw A protein complex that forms part of the inner centromere, which is involved in the loading of the centromeric histone h3 variant CENP-A onto centromeres and in centromere specific heterochromatin formation. The complex contains about 12 proteins, of which two are known as Mis6 and Sim4 in S. pombe and CENP-I and CENP-H in human. cellular_component Mis6 centromere subcomplex Mis6-Sim4 complex cellular_component sexine 1 A rod-like element of the sexine and ectexine, supporting either the tectum (the layer of sexine which forms a roof over the columella), or supporting a caput (an architectural element on top of a columella). columella Interacting selectively with a CXCR6 chemokine receptor. STRL33 receptor binding bonzo receptor binding molecular_function CXCR6 chemokine receptor ligand CXCR6 chemokine receptor binding SUMO activating enzyme complex A conserved heterodimeric complex with SUMO activating enzyme activity. PMID:15601841 cellular_component SUMO E1 activator enzyme complex SAE regulation of catecholamine secretion biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines. The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of bacterium associated molecule biological_process detection of molecule of bacterial origin detection of bacteria associated molecule detection of bacterial associated molecule The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepihephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species. octopamine catabolism biological_process octopamine breakdown octopamine catabolic process octopamine degradation terpenoid biosynthesis biological_process terpenoid anabolism terpenoid synthesis terpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure. terpenoid formation phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pyrophosphate) EC:4.1.1.38 phosphopyruvate carboxykinase phosphoenolpyruvic carboxylase (pyrophosphate) PEPCTrP phosphopyruvate carboxylase (pyrophosphate) MetaCyc:4.1.1.38-RXN phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pyrophosphate) activity phosphopyruvate carboxykinase (pyrophosphate) phosphoenolpyruvic carboxykinase (pyrophosphate) molecular_function PEP carboxyphosphotransferase activity phosphoenolpyruvic carboxykinase phosphoenolpyruvic carboxytransphosphorylase activity Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxytransphosphorylase activity phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (diphosphate) activity diphosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating; phosphoenolpyruvate-forming) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyphosphotransferase activity diphosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating) Catalysis of the transfer of L-asparagine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-asparagine is the levorotatory isomer of alpha-aminosuccinamic acid. molecular_function L-asparagine transporter activity asparagine/glutamine permease activity L-asparagine transmembrane transporter activity ribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis ribonucleoside monophosphate formation ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis biological_process ribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation during immune response biological_process A change in the morphology or behavior of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. The third layer of the sexine. cellular_component sculpture element CCR1 chemokine receptor binding molecular_function CCR1 chemokine receptor ligand macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha receptor binding Interacting selectively with a CCR1 chemokine receptor. motile primary cilium A specialized primary cilium that contains a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubules, radial spokes, and a dynein apparatus, but no inner doublet microtubules. Motile primary cilia display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface. cellular_component catecholamine secretion biological_process The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell or group of cells. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. octopamine metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepihephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species. octopamine metabolism EC:2.3.1.21 carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine. palmitoylcarnitine transferase activity carnitine palmitoyltransferase-A carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity molecular_function CPT CPTo outer malonyl-CoA inhibitable carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity CPT-A CPT I (outer membrane carnitine palmitoyl transferase) acylcarnitine transferase activity CPT-B carnitine palmitoyltransferase I CPTi MetaCyc:CARNITINE-O-PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE-RXN L-carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity sporocarp development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sporocarp over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sporocarp is a spore bearing fruiting body organ. fruiting body formation (sensu Fungi) fruiting body development (sensu Fungi) biological_process biological_process terpenoid catabolism terpenoid breakdown terpenoid catabolic process terpenoid degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure. cellular_component An enzyme complex composed of 4 subunits, 2 copies of the large protein (nrdD in E. coli) and 2 copies of the small protein (nrdG in E. coli). It catalyzes the generation of 2'deoxyribonucleotides under anaerobic growth conditions. The larger subunit is the catalytic unit that is activated by the smaller iron-binding subunit. anaerobic ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase complex dGDP formation dGDP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate). dGDP biosynthesis biological_process dGDP anabolism dGDP synthesis molecular_function open rectifier potassium channel activity UM-BBD_pathwayID:gal gallic acid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving gallate, the anion of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid). The esters and polyesters are widely distributed in angiosperms. biological_process gallate metabolism gallate metabolic process gallic acid metabolic process diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P6-hexaphosphate hydrolase EC:3.6.1.52e Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-myo-inositol polyphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol polyphosphate + phosphate. EC:3.6.1.52 DIPP activity MetaCyc:3.6.1.52-RXN molecular_function diphosphoinositol-polyphosphate phosphohydrolase activity diphosphoinositol-polyphosphate diphosphatase activity diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase activity diphospho-myo-inositol-polyphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity acetoacetic acid biosynthesis acetoacetic acid formation acetoacetic acid synthesis biological_process acetoacetic acid anabolism acetoacetic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetoacetic acid, a beta-keto acid of the keto acid group, empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH. EC:1.1.1.189 PGE2-9-OR reductase, 15-hydroxy-9-oxoprostaglandin PGE2 9-ketoreductase activity PGE(2) 9-oxoreductase activity PGE2-9-ketoreductase activity MetaCyc:PROSTAGLANDIN-E2-9-REDUCTASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADP+ = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADPH. prostaglandin-E(2) 9-oxoreductase activity (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP+ 9-oxidoreductase activity 9-keto-prostaglandin E(2) reductase activity prostaglandin E2-9-oxoreductase activity prostaglandin-E2 9-oxoreductase activity prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase activity molecular_function 9-keto-prostaglandin E2 reductase activity prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase activity PGE-9-ketoreductase activity PGE(2) 9-ketoreductase activity prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase activity PGE2 9-oxoreductase activity 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase activity far-red light photoreceptor activity The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 730nm. The response may involve a change in conformation. molecular_function PMID:11376330 PMID:11244041 GOC:mgi_curators The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated lipid rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. biological_process formation of immunological synapse molecular_function OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). vacuolar assembly This term was made obsolete because it represents a biological process and not a molecular function. To update annotations, use biological_process term 'vacuole organization and biogenesis ; GO:0007033'. EC:4.1.1.63 protocatechuate carboxy-lyase activity 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase (catechol-forming) 3,4-dihydrobenzoate decarboxylase activity molecular_function MetaCyc:PROTOCATECHUATE-DECARBOXYLASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate = catechol + CO2. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase activity protocatechuate decarboxylase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the energy-independent passage of anions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. anion channel activity dGDP phosphorylation biological_process The process of introducing a phosphate group into dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, to produce dGTP. biological_process UM-BBD_pathwayID:flu http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/flu/flu_map.html The chemical reactions and pathways involving fluorene, a tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon containing a five-membered ring. It is a major component of fossil fuels and their derivatives and is also a by-product of coal-conversion and energy-related industries. It is commonly found in vehicle exhaust emissions, crude oils, motor oils, coal and oil combustion products, waste incineration, and industrial effluents. fluorene metabolism fluorene metabolic process deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process biological_process deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. butanoic acid catabolic process butanoic acid degradation butanoic acid catabolism butanoic acid breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any butanoic acid, 4-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids. biological_process prenyl-dependent CAAX protease activity molecular_function c-SMAC PMID:14724296 cellular_component supramolecular activation cluster PMID:11376300 An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated lipid rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. immunological synapse A protein complex involved in the catalysis of the formation of the modified nucleotide 1-methyladenosine (m1A) in tRNA. In yeast, it is a heterotetramer of two subunits, Gcd10p and Gcd14p, while in bacteria and archaea it is a homotetramer. PMID:14739239 PMID:10779558 cellular_component tRNA (m1A) methyltransferase complex molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-prunasin + H2O = D-glucose + mandelonitrile. MetaCyc:PRUNASIN-BETA-GLUCOSIDASE-RXN EC:3.2.1.118 prunasin b-glucosidase activity prunasin beta-D-glucohydrolase activity prunasin beta-glucosidase activity prunasin hydrolase activity carnitine:acyl carnitine antiporter activity Catalysis of the reaction: carnitine (mitochondrial) + acyl carnitine (cytoplasm) = carnitine (cytoplasm) + acyl carnitine (mitochondrial). PMID:9032458 fatty acyl carnitine carrier carnitine:acyl carnitine carrier activity carnitine/acyl carnitine carrier activity molecular_function molecular_function A-type (transient outward) potassium channel activity dGTP anabolism from dGDP biological_process dGTP biosynthetic process from dGDP The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including gGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate. dGTP synthesis from dGDP dGTP formation from dGDP biological_process ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process ribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown ribonucleoside monophosphate degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. myeloid dendritic cell activation biological_process The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. CBF3 complex A multisubunit protein complex that binds to centromeric DNA and initiates kinetochore assembly. In yeast, this complex consists of four subunits, namely Ctf13p, Skp1p, Cep3p and Cbf2p. PMID:9407032 PMID:13679521 cellular_component acetone metabolism biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetone, propan-2-one. propan-2-one metabolism dimethyl ketone metabolic process acetone metabolic process 2-propanone metabolic process dimethyl ketone metabolism 2-propanone metabolism propan-2-one metabolic process sulphuric ester hydrolase activity sulfatase activity Catalysis of the reaction: RSO-R' + H2O = RSOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any sulfuric ester bond, any ester formed from sulfuric acid, O=SO(OH)2. EC:3.1.6 molecular_function sulfuric ester hydrolase activity EC:2.7.1.83 pseudouridine kinase (phosphorylating) MetaCyc:PSEUDOURIDINE-KINASE-RXN pseudouridine kinase activity ATP:pseudouridine 5'-phosphotransferase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pseudouridine = ADP + pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of pyruvate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport. pyruvate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity pyruvate carrier activity molecular_function delayed rectifier potassium channel activity biological_process IMP biosynthetic process IMP formation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate. IMP biosynthesis IMP synthesis IMP anabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate formation deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis biological_process gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (also known as Lindane), the most common form of hexachlorohexane, a halogenated organic insecticide that has been used worldwide for agriculture and public health. UM-BBD_pathwayID:ghch MetaCyc:GAMMAHEXCHLORDEG-PWY biological_process acetoacetic acid catabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetoacetic acid, a beta-keto acid of the keto acid group, empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH. acetoacetic acid degradation acetoacetic acid catabolism acetoacetic acid breakdown red light photoreceptor activity The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 660nm. The response may involve a change in conformation. molecular_function microglial cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. PMID:9893949 PMID:12580336 PMID:10695728 PMID:10626665 biological_process S-adenosyl-L-methionine:trichlorophenol O-methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.136 Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + trichlorophenol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + trichloroanisole. halogenated phenol O-methyltransferase activity molecular_function MetaCyc:2.1.1.136-RXN chlorophenol O-methyltransferase activity trichlorophenol O-methyltransferase activity PAPS:psychosine sulphotransferase activity EC:2.8.2.13 molecular_function 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:galactosylsphingosine sulfotransferase activity psychosine sulphotransferase activity 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate-psychosine sulphotransferase activity psychosine sulfotransferase activity MetaCyc:PSYCHOSINE-SULFOTRANSFERASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + galactosylsphingosine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + psychosine sulfate. type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor ligand molecular_function Interacting selectively with a type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor. type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor binding trailing edge back of cell The area of a motile cell opposite to the direction of movement. cellular_component alkane metabolic process alkane metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkane, any saturated hydrocarbon without cycles. biological_process sulphite oxidase activity EC:1.8.3.1 Catalysis of the reaction: SO3(2-) (sulfite) + O2 + H2O = SO4(2-) (sulfate) + H2O2. sulfite oxidase activity MetaCyc:PWY-5326 MetaCyc:SULFITE-OXIDASE-RXN sulfite:oxygen oxidoreductase activity molecular_function cell activation A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. biological_process acetone anabolism dimethyl ketone biosynthesis 2-propanone biosynthetic process propan-2-one biosynthetic process acetone biosynthetic process acetone synthesis 2-propanone biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetone, propan-2-one. propan-2-one biosynthesis acetone formation dimethyl ketone biosynthetic process acetone biosynthesis biological_process Interacting selectively with a corticotropin releasing factor receptor. corticotropin releasing factor receptor binding molecular_function corticotropin releasing factor receptor ligand dGMP biosynthesis dGMP formation dGMP synthesis biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate). dGMP anabolism dGMP biosynthetic process molecular_function EC:2.1.1.137 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:arsenite As-methyltransferase activity MetaCyc:2.1.1.137-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + arsenite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methylarsonate. S-adenosyl-L-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase activity S-adenosyl-L-methionine:methylarsonite As-methyltransferase activity Note that the enzyme arsenite methyltransferase also has methylarsonite methyltransferase activity (GO:0030792). arsenite methyltransferase activity galactosaminoglycan metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose. galactosaminoglycan metabolism molecular_function MetaCyc:PTERIDINE-OXIDASE-RXN EC:1.17.3.1 Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine + O2 = 2-amino-4,7-dihydroxypteridine + unknown. 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating) pteridine oxidase activity molecular_function Interacting selectively with a type A cholecystokinin receptor. type A cholecystokinin receptor binding type A cholecystokinin receptor ligand cellular_component The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cell surface projection. membrane projection membrane extension cell projection membrane transaminase activity EC:2.6.1 aminotransferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid. molecular_function biological_process The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. leucocyte homeostasis immune cell homeostasis Note that this term represents the return of immune system cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. leukocyte homeostasis propan-2-one catabolic process dimethyl ketone catabolic process 2-propanone catabolic process biological_process dimethyl ketone catabolism acetone degradation acetone catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetone, propan-2-one. acetone catabolic process acetone breakdown propan-2-one catabolism 2-propanone catabolism Polycomb Group protein complex PMID:9372908 A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure. cellular_component PcG protein complex The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate. cGMP biosynthesis biological_process cGMP formation cGMP synthesis cGMP biosynthetic process cGMP anabolism molecular_function flavin-adenine dinucleotide carrier activity flavin adenine dinucleotide carrier activity FAD carrier activity leading edge front of cell The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. cellular_component plasma membrane repair biological_process The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress. PMID:12925704 EC:1.5.99.1 monomethylglycine dehydrogenase activity molecular_function sarcosine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (demethylating) sarcosine N-demethylase activity sarcosine:acceptor oxidoreductase (demethylating) MetaCyc:SARCOSINE-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN sarcosine dehydrogenase activity Catalysis of the reaction: sarcosine + acceptor + H2O = glycine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor. alkane breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkane, any saturated hydrocarbon without cycles. alkane catabolic process biological_process alkane degradation alkane catabolism MetaCyc:PTERIN-DEAMINASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine + H2O = 2,4-dihydroxypteridine + NH3. EC:3.5.4.11 pterin deaminase activity acrasinase activity 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine aminohydrolase activity molecular_function type 2 corticotropin releasing factor receptor ligand Interacting selectively with a type 2 corticotropin releasing factor receptor. molecular_function type 2 corticotropin releasing factor receptor binding T cell homeostatic proliferation T-cell homeostatic proliferation The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus. resting T cell proliferation T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation biological_process resting T-cell proliferation GTP anabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate. biological_process GTP formation GTP biosynthesis GTP synthesis GTP biosynthetic process GTP breakdown GTP degradation GTP hydrolysis GTP catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GTP, guanosine triphosphate. GTP catabolic process biological_process cellular_component PAN complex A complex that possesses poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity; catalyzes the message-specific shortening of mRNA poly(A) tails. Contains at least two subunits, known as Pan2p and Pan3p in Saccharomyces. PMID:9774670 poly(A) nuclease complex natural killer cell differentiation NK cell differentiation The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell. biological_process sphingosine kinase activity EC:2.7.1.91 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + sphinganine = ADP + sphinganine 1-phosphate. MetaCyc:SPHINGANINE-KINASE-RXN GO:0001728 sphingosine kinase (phosphorylating) ATP:sphinganine 1-phosphotransferase activity dihydrosphingosine kinase activity sphinganine kinase activity dihydrosphingosine kinase (phosphorylating) molecular_function IL-26 production The appearance of interleukin-26 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process interleukin-26 production alkane synthesis alkane formation alkane biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkane, any saturated hydrocarbon without cycles. alkane anabolism alkane biosynthetic process biological_process pterocarpan synthase activity EC:1.1.1.246 medicarpin:NADP+ 2'-oxidoreductase activity MetaCyc:PTEROCARPIN-SYNTHASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: medicarpin + NADP+ = vestitone + NADPH. molecular_function pterocarpin synthase activity citrate oxaloacetate-lyase ((pro-3R)-CH(2)COO(-)->acetyl-CoA) activity EC:2.3.3.3 molecular_function acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [thioester-hydrolysing, (pro-R)-carboxymethyl-forming] (R)-citrate synthase activity MetaCyc:CITRATE-(RE)-SYNTHASE-RXN citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-3R)-CH2COO-rightacetyl-CoA] Re-citrate-synthase activity Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA . citrate (Re)-synthase activity type 1 corticotropin releasing factor receptor ligand type 1 corticotropin releasing factor receptor binding Interacting selectively with a type 1 corticotropin releasing factor receptor. molecular_function cytochrome c oxidase complex cellular_component respiratory chain complex IV A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). GO:0045287 superior olivary nucleus morphogenesis This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. superior olive morphogenesis The process by which the anatomical structure of the superior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GCC codon. molecular_function GCC codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, GCC codes for alanine. biological_process IL-27 production The appearance of interleukin-27 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-27 production Reactome:268473 Reactome:252445 Reactome:258563 Reactome:280682 Reactome:216731 Reactome:267955 Reactome:109339 Reactome:251206 Reactome:243139 Reactome:229381 Reactome:244757 Reactome:279976 Reactome:229389 Reactome:273504 Reactome:252572 Reactome:220706 Reactome:109998 Reactome:293508 Reactome:293767 Reactome:210841 Reactome:259074 Reactome:218933 Reactome:268368 Reactome:109341 Reactome:252064 Reactome:235965 Reactome:238167 Reactome:244960 Reactome:221800 Reactome:230202 Reactome:221524 Reactome:286710 Reactome:237395 Reactome:207162 biological_process Reactome:293509 fatty acid beta-oxidation Reactome:210856 Reactome:209200 Reactome:259175 Reactome:211757 Reactome:265366 Reactome:237300 Reactome:249663 Reactome:238413 Reactome:274108 Reactome:227736 Reactome:255267 Reactome:77288 Reactome:289872 Reactome:237408 Reactome:220631 Reactome:109342 Reactome:291790 Reactome:210740 Reactome:212036 Reactome:267507 Reactome:247389 Reactome:249839 Reactome:230396 Reactome:274213 Reactome:255679 Reactome:255782 The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A. Reactome:293718 Reactome:77289 Reactome:220691 Reactome:280581 Reactome:109343 Reactome:293500 Reactome:242015 Reactome:249130 Reactome:229307 Reactome:234264 EC:3.5.1.51 4-acetamidobutanoyl-CoA amidohydrolase activity deacetylase-thiolesterase activity aminobutyryl-CoA thiolesterase activity molecular_function MetaCyc:4-ACETAMIDOBUTYRYL-COA-DEACETYLASE-RXN 4-acetamidobutyryl-CoA deacetylase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 4-acetamidobutanoyl + H2O = acetate + 4-aminobutanoyl-CoA. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Cdc42 protein signal transduction. biological_process regulation of Cdc42 protein signal transduction Any process that prevents the activation of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a cell. biological_process inhibition of neurotransmitter uptake S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.140 Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (S)-coclaurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (S)-N-methylcoclaurine. MetaCyc:2.1.1.140-RXN molecular_function (S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase activity plasma membrane ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex (sensu Bacteria) respiratory chain complex III (sensu Bacteria) GO:0045286 ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex (sensu Bacteria) cellular_component A part of the respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane, containing about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1. plasma membrane respiratory chain complex III sterol C-methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.142 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:cycloartenol 24-C-methyltransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cycloartenol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (24R)-24-methylcycloarta-8,25-dien-3N2-ol. MetaCyc:2.1.1.142-RXN molecular_function cycloartenol 24-C-methyltransferase activity superior olivary nucleus development This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. superior olive development biological_process The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. plasma membrane pyruvate transport biological_process The directed movement of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, across a plasma membrane. GCT codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, GCT codes for alanine. molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GCT codon. interleukin-4 production biological_process The appearance of interleukin-4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-4 production The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkene, unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. alkene metabolism biological_process alkene metabolic process The appearance of interleukin-3 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. IL-3 production biological_process interleukin-3 production 4-acetamidobutyrate deacetylase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 4-acetamidobutanoate + H2O = acetate + 4-aminobutanoate. MetaCyc:4-ACETAMIDOBUTYRATE-DEACETYLASE-RXN EC:3.5.1.63 molecular_function 4-acetamidobutanoate amidohydrolase activity The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexadecanal, the C16 straight chain aldehyde. http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/ hexadecanal formation hexadecanal biosynthesis hexadecanal anabolism hexadecanal biosynthetic process palmitaldehyde biosynthesis hexadecanal synthesis palmitaldehyde biosynthetic process biological_process pyruvate transport biological_process The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of, within or between cells. EC:2.1.1.141 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:jasmonate O-methyltransferase activity MetaCyc:RXN1F-28 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + jasmonate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyljasmonate. jasmonate O-methyltransferase activity jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase activity molecular_function GO:0045546 The directed movement of histamine into, out of, within or between cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. biological_process histamine transport respiratory chain complex III cellular_component A part of the respiratory chain, containing about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1. ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex GO:0045285 ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex interleukin-5 production The appearance of interleukin-5 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process IL-5 production Note that in the standard genetic code, GCG codes for alanine. GCG codon-amino acid adaptor activity A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GCG codon. molecular_function acyl-CoA metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group. biological_process acyl-CoA metabolic process defence response to virus defense response to viruses biological_process defense response to virus Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism. antiviral response EC:2.1.1.138 Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + methylarsonite = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dimethylarsinate. MetaCyc:2.1.1.138-RXN EC:2.1.1.- molecular_function methylarsonite methyltransferase activity Note that EC:2.1.1.138 was deleted from EC as the reaction is performed by arsenite methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.137). http://www.speclab.com/compound/c120821.htm The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, a derivative of benzene with chlorine atoms attached to positions 1, 2 and 4 of the ring. It is a colorless liquid used as a solvent in chemical manufacturing, in dyes and intermediates, dielectric fluid, synthetic transformer oils, lubricants, heat-transfer medium and insecticides. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene metabolic process 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene metabolism biological_process UM-BBD_pathwayID:tbz 4-chlorobenzoate dehalogenase activity MetaCyc:4-CHLOROBENZOATE-DEHALOGENASE-RXN EC:3.8.1.6 Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorobenzoate + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzoate + chloride. halobenzoate dehalogenase activity 4-chlorobenzoate chlorohydrolase activity molecular_function interleukin-6 production IL-6 production The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process plasma membrane respiratory chain complex II cellular_component respiratory chain complex II (sensu Bacteria) A part of the respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane, containing the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain. Note that in the standard genetic code, GCA codes for alanine. GCA codon-amino acid adaptor activity molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GCA codon. MetaCyc:PWY-782 biological_process MetaCyc:PWY-762 unsaturated fatty acid formation unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis unsaturated fatty acid synthesis unsaturated fatty acid anabolism fatty acid desaturation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process stimulus detection perception of stimulus detection of stimulus biological_process stimulus sensing The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. EC:2.1.1.139 staurosporine synthase activity 3'-demethylstaurosporine O-methyltransferase activity molecular_function S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3'-demethylstaurosporine O-methyltransferase activity MetaCyc:2.1.1.139-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3'-demethylstaurosporine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + staurosporine. 3'-demethoxy-3'-hydroxystaurosporine O-methyltransferase activity benzene metabolism Reactome:205893 Reactome:215449 biological_process Reactome:76416 The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation. benzene metabolic process Catalysis of the reaction: 2-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate = 4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate + CO2. MetaCyc:4-CARBOXYMUCONOLACTONE-DECARBOXYLASE-RXN EC:4.1.1.44 molecular_function 4-carboxymonolactone carboxy-lyase activity gamma-4-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase activity 4-carboxymuconolactone carboxy-lyase (4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate-forming) 4-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase activity 4-carboxymuconolactone carboxy-lyase activity inferior olive biosynthesis The process that gives rise to the inferior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements. biological_process This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. inferior olivary nucleus formation inferior olive formation Note that in the standard genetic code, GTC codes for valine. GTC codon-amino acid adaptor activity A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GTC codon. molecular_function interleukin-7 production IL-7 production The appearance of interleukin-7 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process biological_process regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides. regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process Reactome:272214 Reactome:278210 The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. Reactome:207636 Reactome:217132 fatty acid metabolism biological_process Reactome:247601 fatty acid metabolic process Reactome:242340 Reactome:76466 Reactome:267118 4-hydroxyglutamate transaminase activity 4-hydroxyglutamate aminotransferase activity EC:2.6.1.23 4-hydroxy-L-glutamate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-L-glutamate + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate + L-glutamate. MetaCyc:4-HYDROXYGLUTAMATE-AMINOTRANSFERASE-RXN molecular_function UM-BBD_pathwayID:ethb anaerobic ethylbenzene metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethylbenzene (phenylethane), a benzene derivative with an ethyl group attached to the ring, that occur in the absence of oxygen. biological_process anaerobic ethylbenzene metabolic process biological_process 'de novo' purine biosynthesis 'de novo' purine biosynthetic process 'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, beginning with the synthesis of a purine ring from simpler precursors. ISBN:0716720094 'de novo' IMP anabolism 'de novo' IMP biosynthesis 'de novo' IMP formation 'de novo' IMP synthesis 3-indoleacetaldoxime hydro-lyase activity EC:4.99.1.6 MetaCyc:INDOLEACETALDOXIME-DEHYDRATASE-RXN EC:4.2.1.29 Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetaldoxime = indole-3-acetonitrile + H2O. molecular_function MetaCyc:RXN-1403 (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde-oxime hydro-lyase [(indol-3-yl)acetonitrile-forming] indole-3-acetaldoxime hydro-lyase activity (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde-oxime hydro-lyase activity indole-3-acetaldehyde-oxime hydro-lyase activity indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase activity indoleacetaldoxime hydro-lyase activity This term was made obsolete because it represents a function rather than a process. To update annotations, use biological_process terms 'aspartate transport ; GO:0015810', 'L-glutamate transport ; GO:0015813', and 'mitochondrial transport ; GO:0006839'. mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate transport biological_process OBSOLETE. The directed movement of aspartate and glutamate into, out of or within a mitochondrion. regulation of synaptic structural plasticity PMID:9884123 PMID:14976517 PMID:11063967 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane. biological_process regulation of synapse structural plasticity biological_process IL-8 production The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-8 production biological_process The process by which the anatomical structure of the inferior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements. inferior olive morphogenesis This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. inferior olivary nucleus morphogenesis This term was made obsolete because it represents a molecular function and not a biological process. To update annotations, consider molecular_function term 'lipid binding ; GO:0008289' or its children. lipid binding biological_process OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity MetaCyc:4-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN gamma-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.61 Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybutanoate + NAD+ = succinate semialdehyde + NADH + H+. molecular_function 4-hydroxybutanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity 1,4-dichlorobenzene metabolism UM-BBD_pathwayID:dcz biological_process http://www.speclab.com/compound/c106467.htm The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-dichlorobenzene or paramoth), a derivative of benzene with two chlorine atoms attached at opposite positions on the ring. It forms white crystals at room temperature and is used as an insecticidal fumigant, particularly in mothballs. 1,4-dichlorobenzene metabolic process perception of mechanical stimulus This term was made obsolete because it was not clear whether the term applied to the whole process of taste perception or just the sensory transduction stage. To update annotations, consider biological_process term 'sensory perception of mechanical stimulus ; GO:0050954' or its children. biological_process OBSOLETE. The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GO:0007609 The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of, within or between cells. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane. biological_process acyl carnitine transport The movement of an organism from a second organism to another place in the environment by means of a vector, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The first organism may also move to a different organism, and the vector organism is often an insect or an animal. biological_process dissemination or transmission of organism from other organism by vector during symbiotic interaction gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity Reactome:24735 EC:4.1.1.- molecular_function IL-9 production The appearance of interleukin-9 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process interleukin-9 production inferior olivary nucleus maturation This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the inferior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements. biological_process inferior olive maturation molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GTG codon. Note that in the standard genetic code, GTG codes for valine. GTG codon-amino acid adaptor activity EC:2.1.1.143 Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 24-methylenelophenol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (Z)-24-ethylidenelophenol. MetaCyc:2.1.1.143-RXN S-adenosyl-L-methionine:24-methylenelophenol C-methyltransferase activity 24-methylenelophenol C-241-methyltransferase activity 24-methylenelophenol C-24(1)-methyltransferase activity SMT(2) activity SMT2 24-methylenesterol C-methyltransferase activity molecular_function nitrobenzene metabolic process nitrobenzene metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrobenzene (nitrobenzol), a derivative of benzene with an NO2 group attached to the ring. It is a yellow aromatic liquid used in perfumery and manufactured in large quantities in the preparation of aniline. biological_process UM-BBD_pathwayID:nb ethylbenzene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethylbenzene (phenylethane), a benzene derivative with an ethyl group attached to the ring. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used as a solvent and as a component of automotive and aviation fuels. http://www.speclab.com/compound/c100414.htm ethylbenzene metabolism biological_process UM-BBD_pathwayID:ethb2 The directed movement of acetate across a plasma membrane. biological_process plasma membrane acetate transport The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. fatty acid formation fatty acid synthesis fatty acid anabolism MetaCyc:PWY-5156 fatty acid biosynthesis MetaCyc:FASYN-INITIAL-PWY fatty acid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0000037 MetaCyc:PWY-4381 biological_process The movement of an organism from a second organism to another place in the environment, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The first organism may also move to a different organism. dissemination or transmission of organism from other organism during symbiotic interaction indolelactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.110 indole-3-lactate dehydrogenase activity MetaCyc:INDOLELACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: indolelactate + NAD+ = indolepyruvate + NADH. (indol-3-yl)lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity molecular_function indolelactate dehydrogenase activity The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process detection of gravity perception of gravity UDP-galactose:glucosylceramide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity UDP-galactose glucosylceramide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase activity lactosylceramide synthase activity LacCer synthase activity Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + glucosylceramide = lactosylceramide (galactosyl-beta-1,4-glucosylceramide) + UDP. PMID:9593693 molecular_function establishment of natural killer cell polarity The directed orientation of natural killer cell signaling molecules and associated lipid rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with a cell displaying natural killer cell activating ligands. PMID:9759849 PMID:12615886 NK cell polarization natural killer cell polarization establishment of NK cell polarity biological_process biological_process The appearance of TRAIL due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. TRAIL production This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. inferior olivary nucleus structural organization biological_process The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the inferior olivary nucleus structure. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements. inferior olive structural organization A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GTA codon. GTA codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, GTA codes for valine. molecular_function trans-aconitate 2-methyltransferase activity molecular_function MetaCyc:RXN0-2441 EC:2.1.1.144 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(E)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate 2'-O-methyltransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + trans-aconitate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)pent-2-enedioate. cellular_component A part of the respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). GO:0045288 respiratory chain complex IV (sensu Bacteria) plasma membrane respiratory chain complex IV cytochrome c oxidase complex (sensu Bacteria) http://www.shsu.edu/ The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorobenzene, a derivative of benzene with a chlorine atoms attached to the ring. It is a colorless liquid that is manufactured for use as a solvent. It quickly evaporates in the air and is degraded by hydroxyl radicals that are produced photochemically. The gas acts as a source of ClOx, which helps in the breakdown of stratospheric ozone. chlorobenzene metabolic process UM-BBD_pathwayID:cb chlorobenzene metabolism biological_process molecular_function L-4-hydroxymandelate oxidase (decarboxylating) EC:1.1.3.19 (S)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase activity MetaCyc:4-HYDROXYMANDELATE-OXIDASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + O2 = 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + CO2 + H2O2. 4-hydroxymandelate oxidase activity indoleacetate-lysine synthetase activity EC:6.3.2.20 (indol-3-yl)acetate:L-lysine ligase (ADP-forming) indoleacetate:L-lysine ligase (ADP-forming) indoleacetate-lysine ligase activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + indoleacetate + L-lysine = ADP + phosphate + N6-[(indole-3-yl)acetyl]-L-lysine. MetaCyc:INDOLEACETATE--LYSINE-LIGASE-RXN IAA-lysine synthetase activity N-(indole-3-acetyl)-L-lysine synthetase activity molecular_function The directed movement of acetate into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process acetate transport induction of tumor, nodule, or growth containing transformed cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction The process by which an organism causes the formation in a second organism of an abnormal growth whose cells have been transformed and continue to exist in the absence of the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process biological_process Any process that modulates the localization of exocysts during endocytosis. An exocyst is a protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where secretory vesicles dock and fuse. regulation of exocyst localization during endocytosis spatial regulation of endocytosis relocation of endocytosis regulation of site selection of endocytosis inosinate nucleosidase activity 5'-inosinate phosphoribohydrolase activity EC:3.2.2.12 Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-inosinate + H2O = D-ribose 5-phosphate + hypoxanthine. MetaCyc:INOSINATE-NUCLEOSIDASE-RXN molecular_function EC:4.2.3.8 geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, casbene-forming) MetaCyc:CASBENE-SYNTHASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate = casbene + diphosphate. casbene synthetase activity casbene synthase activity geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing) molecular_function pollen wall Note that this term is a child of 'extracellular matrix part ; GO:0044420' rather than the more specific 'extracellular matrix (sensu Magnoliophyta) ; GO:0048196', because unlike the usual plant cell wall, the pollen wall does not contain a middle lamella, as specified in the definition of 'extracellular matrix (sensu Magnoliophyta) ; GO:0048196'. cellular_component GOC:fz The complex wall surrounding a pollen grain. micrsopore wall mitochondrial sodium/calcium ion exchange This term was made obsolete because it represents function rather than a process. To update annotations, use biological_process terms 'calcium ion transport ; GO:0006816', 'mitochondrial transport ; GO:0006839', and 'sodium ion transport ; GO:0006814' and consider molecular_function term 'calcium:sodium antiporter activity ; GO:0005432'. mitochondrial sodium/calcium exchange OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). biological_process biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rab protein signal transduction. Rab protein signal transduction sesquiterpenoid anabolism sesquiterpenoid synthesis sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units. sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis sesquiterpenoid formation biological_process inhibition of synapse structural plasticity negative regulation of synapse structural plasticity downregulation of synapse structural plasticity down-regulation of synapse structural plasticity down regulation of synapse structural plasticity biological_process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Catalysis of the transfer of L-methionine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-methionine is 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid. molecular_function L-methionine transmembrane transporter activity L-methionine transporter activity PML body organization and biogenesis See also the cellular component term 'PML body ; GO:0016605'. PML body organisation and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of PML bodies, a class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia). PMID:10806078 biological_process siderophore transporter activity siderochrome transporter activity molecular_function Enables the directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, into, out of, within or between cells. sulfate assimilation biological_process sulphate assimilation The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds. biological_process perception of light detection of light The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of light stimulus biological_process A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. superior olive maturation superior olivary nucleus maturation This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. T-lymphocyte activation during immune response T-cell activation during immune response T lymphocyte activation during immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process T cell activation during immune response interleukin-25 production biological_process IL-25 production The appearance of interleukin-25 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. b-cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase activity molecular_function beta-cyclopiazonate oxidocyclase activity EC:1.21.99.1 beta-cyclopiazonate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (cyclizing) Catalysis of the reaction: beta-cyclopiazonate + acceptor = alpha-cyclopiazonate + reduced acceptor. MetaCyc:BETA-CYCLOPIAZONATE-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN beta-cyclopiazonate:acceptor oxidoreductase (cyclizing) beta-cyclopiazonic oxidocyclase activity beta-cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase activity inosine nucleosidase activity EC:3.2.2.2 inosinase activity MetaCyc:INOSINE-NUCLEOSIDASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: inosine + H2O = D-ribose + hypoxanthine. inosine ribohydrolase activity inosine-guanosine nucleosidase activity molecular_function biological_process amino sugar biosynthetic process amino sugar anabolism amino sugar biosynthesis amino sugar formation aminosaccharide biosynthetic process amino sugar synthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group. aminosaccharide biosynthesis exine Note that the exine is highly resistant to strong acids and bases. The outer layer of the pollen grain wall which is composed primarily of sporopollenin. cellular_component exocyst localization biological_process The processes by which an exocyst is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. An exocyst is a protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where secretory vesicles dock and fuse. establishment and maintenance of exocyst localization carnitine shuttle See also the cellular component term 'mitochondrial inner membrane ; GO:0005743'. biological_process The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine. axonogenesis axon growth biological_process GO:0007410 Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk neuron long process generation activation of interferon type I production stimulation of interferon type I production biological_process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. up regulation of interferon type I production up-regulation of interferon type I production upregulation of interferon type I production positive regulation of interferon type I production sesquiterpenoid breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units. sesquiterpenoid catabolism sesquiterpenoid degradation sesquiterpenoid catabolic process biological_process biological_process The increase in size or mass of an organism, or the progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring on or near the exterior of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. growth or development on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of L-leucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-leucine is 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid. L-leucine transporter activity leucine/valine/isoleucine permease activity leucine/isoleucine/valine porter activity L-leucine transmembrane transporter activity alpha-beta T cell activation during immune response biological_process alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response alpha-beta T-cell activation during immune response alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation during immune response The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. Lands organization and biogenesis See also the cellular component term 'Lands ; GO:0016606'. A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of Lands, a class of nuclear body that react against SP140 auto-antibodies. UniProtKB:Q13342 Lands organisation and biogenesis biological_process positive regulation of heterochromatic silencing at telomere upregulation of chromatin silencing at telomere up regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere activation of chromatin silencing at telomere stimulation of chromatin silencing at telomere up-regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere positive regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing at telomeres. biological_process Enables the directed movement of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid into, out of, within or between cells. m-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid transporter activity 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid transporter activity molecular_function 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid transporter activity EC:1.3.99.1 fumarate reductase activity GO:0019739 succinic acid dehydrogenase activity fumaric hydrogenase activity succinic dehydrogenase activity succinodehydrogenase activity MetaCyc:SUCC-FUM-OXRED-RXN succinate oxidoreductase activity succinyl dehydrogenase activity succinate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity Reactome:21566 succinate dehydrogenase activity Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor. No reaction with quinols. GOC:kd molecular_function fumarate dehydrogenase activity succinate:acceptor oxidoreductase activity biological_process The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata. GOC:curators rhombencephalic reticular formation development This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. biological_process perception of visible light detection of visible light MetaCyc:INULOSUCRASE-RXN inulosucrase activity EC:2.4.1.9 sucrose:2,1-beta-D-fructan 1-beta-D-fructosyltransferase activity molecular_function sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + 2,1-beta-D-fructosyl(n) = glucose + 2,1-beta-D-fructosyl(n+1). sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase activity interleukin-24 production IL-24 production The appearance of interleukin-24 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process cellular_component A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A ; InterPro:003952), iron-sulfur protein (subunit B) and membrane-bound cytochrome b560 (subunit C; InterPro:000701). In some Archaea, the membrane-bound subunits (C or C and D) do not necessarily contain heme. Membrane-bound subunits can bind or react with quinones. InterPro:IPR000701 succinate dehydrogenase complex This term was made obsolete because it represents a molecular function and not a biological process. To update annotations, use molecular_function term 'ATP:ADP antiporter activity ; GO:0005471'. ATP/ADP exchange biological_process OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). perception of external stimulus detection of external stimulus biological_process The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. aminosaccharide catabolic process aminosaccharide catabolism amino sugar breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group. amino sugar catabolic process biological_process amino sugar catabolism amino sugar degradation cellular_component The outer part of the exine, which stains positively with basic fuchsin in optical microscopy and has higher electron density in conventionally prepared TEM sections. Note that ectexine is distinguished on staining properties; compare with 'sexine ; GO:0043673'. See also 'endexine ; GO:0043671'. ectexine recognition of other organism during symbiotic interaction The specific processes that allow an organism to detect the presence of a second organism via physical or chemical signals, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of any of the extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins. biological_process nuclear body organisation and biogenesis nuclear body organization and biogenesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units. triterpenoid anabolism triterpenoid biosynthetic process triterpenoid formation triterpenoid biosynthesis biological_process triterpenoid synthesis triterpene biosynthesis triterpene biosynthetic process Ral protein signal transduction A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ral family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. biological_process Enables the directed movement of a ferrichrome into, out of, within or between cells. Ferrichromes are any of a group of growth-promoting Fe(III) chelates formed by various genera of microfungi. They are homodetic cyclic hexapeptides made up of a tripeptide of glycine (or other small neutral amino acids) and a tripeptide of an N'acyl-N4-hydroxy-L-ornithine. molecular_function ferrichrome transporter activity sulphur amino acid transport The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process sulfur amino acid transport Cajal body organization and biogenesis See also the cellular component term 'Cajal body ; GO:0015030'. biological_process Cajal body organisation and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of Cajal bodies, nuclear bodies that appear ultrastructurally as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter and are enriched in ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors. PMID:11031238 F-actin A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin. cellular_component filamentous actin Note that this term refers only to the actin portion of a microfilament, and does not encompass associated proteins. See also the cellular component term 'actin filament ; GO:0005884'. NK T lymphocyte activation during immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. PMID:15771592 NK T-cell activation during immune response NK T-lymphocyte activation during immune response natural killer T lymphocyte activation during immune response biological_process natural killer T-cell activation during immune response NK T cell activation during immune response natural killer T-lymphocyte activation during immune response iron-cytochrome-c reductase activity MetaCyc:IRON--CYTOCHROME-C-REDUCTASE-RXN EC:1.9.99.1 Catalysis of the reaction: ferrocytochrome c + Fe3+ = ferricytochrome c + Fe2+. iron-cytochrome c reductase activity ferrocytochrome-c:Fe3+ oxidoreductase activity molecular_function This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. inferior raphe nucleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior raphe nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process molecular_function EC:5.1.1.8 hydroxyproline 2-epimerase activity hydroxyproline epimerase activity L-hydroxyproline epimerase activity 4-hydroxyproline 2-epimerase activity 4-hydroxyproline epimerase activity MetaCyc:4-HYDROXYPROLINE-EPIMERASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline = cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline. perception of abiotic stimulus detection of abiotic stimulus biological_process The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process The directed movement of drugs into, out of, within or between cells. multidrug transport The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins. mannosamine anabolism mannosamine biosynthesis mannosamine formation mannosamine synthesis biological_process mannosamine biosynthetic process adhesion to other organism during symbiotic interaction The attachment of an organism to a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Adhesion may be via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., and may be either direct or indirect. biological_process biological_process The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells. collagen degradation collagen catabolism collagen breakdown collagen catabolic process triterpenoid catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units. triterpenoid degradation biological_process triterpenoid catabolic process triterpene catabolic process triterpenoid breakdown triterpene catabolism regulation of Rab protein signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rab protein signal transduction. biological_process L-methionine secondary active transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of L-methionine from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport. molecular_function L-methionine porter activity ferrichrome transport biological_process The directed movement of a ferrichrome into, out of, within or between cells. Ferrichromes are any of a group of growth-promoting Fe(III) chelates formed by various genera of microfungi. They are homodetic cyclic hexapeptides made up of a tripeptide of glycine (or other small neutral amino acids) and a tripeptide of an N'acyl-N4-hydroxy-L-ornithine. NK T cell proliferation during immune response NK T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response biological_process natural killer T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response natural killer T-cell proliferation during immune response NK T-cell proliferation during immune response The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division during an immune response. NK T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response natural killer T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response precorrin-3 methyltransferase activity EC:2.1.1.131 S-adenosyl-L-methionine:precorrin-3B C17-methyltransferase activity CobJ MetaCyc:2.1.1.131-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + precorrin-3B = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + precorrin 4. precorrin-3 methylase activity precorrin-3B C17-methyltransferase activity molecular_function PMID:16267274 PMID:16247555 Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane whose catalytic residues lie on the intermembrane space side of the inner membrane; involved in mitochondrial protein turnover. Contains a subunit belonging to the AAA family of ATP-dependent metalloproteases. cellular_component i-AAA complex This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. superior raphe nucleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior raphe nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA = butanoyl-CoA. MetaCyc:ISOBUTYRYL-COA-MUTASE-RXN EC:5.4.99.13 butyryl-CoA:isobutyryl-CoA mutase activity isobutyryl coenzyme A mutase activity isobutyryl-CoA mutase activity 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA CoA-carbonylmutase activity cellular_component PMID:9852079 PMID:10681587 A stable complex of proteins that carry out the DNA damage recognition and incision reactions characteristic of nucleotide excision repair (NER), such as DNA damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at sites flanking damaged DNA; includes TFIIH subunits and additional polypeptides; may form in the absence of DNA damage. repairosome Rap protein signal transduction A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rap family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. biological_process 4-methylene-L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (AMP-forming) EC:6.3.1.7 MetaCyc:4-METHYLENEGLUTAMATE--AMMONIA-LIGASE-RXN 4-methyleneglutamate-ammonia ligase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 4-methylene-L-glutamate + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + 4-methylene-L-glutamine. 4-methyleneglutamine synthetase activity The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. biological_process protein maturation molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GAC codon. GAC codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, GAC codes for acid. mitochondrial protein import protein-mitochondrial targeting protein targeting to mitochondria ISBN:0716731363 GOC:mcc The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein. biological_process protein targeting to mitochondrion mitochondrial translocation fumarate reductase complex (sensu Bacteria) plasma membrane fumarate reductase complex See also the molecular function term 'succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity ; GO:0008177'. InterPro:IPR004224 InterPro:IPR003418 A membrane-bound flavoenzyme complex consisting of four subunits, A, B, C, and D. A and B comprise the membrane-extrinsic catalytic domain and C (InterPro:003510; InterPro:00224) and D (InterPro:003418) link the catalytic centers to the electron-transport chain. In some species, the complex has only three subunits, and in these cases, there is only one membrane anchor instead of two. This family consists of the 13 kDa hydrophobic subunit D. This component may be required to anchor the catalytic components of the fumarate reductase complex to the cytoplasmic membrane. Fumarate reductase couples the reduction of fumarate to succinate to the oxidation of quinol to quinone, in a reaction opposite to that catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase-(ubiquinone)). As in, but not restricted to, the taxon Bacteria (Bacteria, ncbi_taxonomy_id:2). cellular_component A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GAT codon. molecular_function GAT codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, GAT codes for acid. molecular_function Interacting selectively and stoichiometrically with neuropeptides, peptides with direct synaptic effects (peptide neurotransmitters) or indirect modulatory effects on the nervous system (peptide neuromodulators). neuropeptide binding OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). biological_process phototrophin mediated phototransduction To update annotations, use biological_process term 'phototransduction ; GO:0007602'. molecular_function MetaCyc:CARNITINE-3-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN EC:1.1.1.108 Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + L-carnitine = NADH + 3-dehydrocarnitine. carnitine:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase activity carnitine 3-dehydrogenase activity biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids. regulation of glucocorticoid metabolism regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process peptidolysis during protein maturation The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein during protein maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. biological_process protein maturation via proteolysis Note that process information is included in the term and definition for the purpose of describing and distinguishing the complex. nucleotide-excision repair complex Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair. PMID:10915862 cellular_component regulation of Ral protein signal transduction biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ral protein signal transduction. neuroblast proliferation (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) GO:0043350 neuroblast proliferation (sensu Vertebrata) neuroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0043349 The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. Neuroblasts are embryonic cells that develop into nerve cells or neurons. EC:3.5.1.67 molecular_function 4-methyleneglutaminase activity 4-methyleneglutamine deamidase activity 4-methyleneglutamine amidohydrolase activity MetaCyc:4-METHYLENEGLUTAMINASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methylene-L-glutamine + H2O = 4-methylene-L-glutamate + NH3. 4-methylene-L-glutamine amidohydrolase activity mitochondrial protein processing mitochondrial processing The cleavage of proteins, usually near the N terminus, during the process of import into the mitochondrion; several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments. PMID:12191769 biological_process A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GAA codon. molecular_function Note that in the standard genetic code, GAA codes for acid. GAA codon-amino acid adaptor activity molecular_function PMID:10899166 Interacting selectively with one or more specific sites on a neuromedin U receptor. neuromedin U receptor binding MetaCyc:CARNITINE-DECARBOXYLASE-RXN EC:4.1.1.42 Catalysis of the reaction: carnitine = 2-methylcholine + CO2. carnitine carboxy-lyase activity carnitine carboxy-lyase (2-methylcholine-forming) molecular_function carnitine decarboxylase activity UV-A, blue light phototransduction violet-sensitive opsin short-wave-sensitive opsin blue-sensitive opsin biological_process The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV-A or blue light into a molecular signal; the UV-A, blue light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range of approximately 400-500 nm. negative regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process biological_process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids. down-regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process down regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process negative regulation of glucocorticoid metabolism inhibition of glucocorticoid metabolic process downregulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process biological_process A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by the Cdc42 protein switching to a GTP-bound active state. Cdc42 protein signal transduction biological_process Penetration by an organism into the body, tissues, or cells of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. other organism invasion invasion of other organism invasive growth entry into other organism during symbiotic interaction invasion into other organism mitochondrial pyruvate transport The directed movement of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, into, out of or within a mitochondrion. biological_process tetraterpenoid metabolic process tetraterpene metabolism tetraterpene metabolic process tetraterpenoid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units. biological_process downregulation of neuroblast proliferation negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation down regulation of neuroblast proliferation suppression of neuroblast proliferation inhibition of neuroblast proliferation biological_process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. down-regulation of neuroblast proliferation response to electricity response to electrical stimulus A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. biological_process mitochondrial translocation This term was made obsolete because its definition was equivalent to that of the biological process term 'mitochondrial matrix protein import ; GO:0030150' while the mitochondrial translocation has a broader meaning; this led to mis-annotation. To update annotations, consider biological_process term 'protein targeting to mitochondrion ; GO:0006626' or its children. biological_process OBSOLETE. The translocation of proteins across the mitochondrial membrane. In the presence of a translocating chain, the outer membrane import machinery (MOM complex) and the inner membrane import machinery (MIM complex) form translocation contact sites as a part of the membrane preprotein import machinery. PMID:7600576 oxaloacetate-4-methyl-ester oxaloacetohydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.44 MetaCyc:4-METHYLOXALOACETATE-ESTERASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate 4-methyl ester + H2O = oxaloacetate + methanol. molecular_function 4-methyloxaloacetate esterase activity ISBN:0721662544 Enables the directed movement of benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) into, out of, within or between cells. molecular_function benzoate transporter activity Reactome:290413 Reactome:249787 Reactome:280613 lipid metabolic process biological_process Reactome:291758 Reactome:221714 Reactome:262464 Reactome:252529 Reactome:292446 Reactome:255713 Reactome:230304 Reactome:238336 Reactome:293732 lipid metabolism Reactome:282852 Reactome:244894 Reactome:265294 Reactome:288319 Reactome:211949 Reactome:286671 Reactome:274140 The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. GOC:ma Reactome:268417 Reactome:73923 Reactome:289875 Reactome:259099 phytochrome signaling pathway The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from red or far-red light into a molecular signal; the red, far-red light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range 660-730 nm. biological_process red-sensitive opsin red, far-red light phototransduction plasma membrane succinate dehydrogenase complex cellular_component succinate dehydrogenase complex (sensu Bacteria) A multimeric complex which consists of flavoprotein (subunit A ; InterPro:003952), iron-sulfur protein (subunit B) and membrane-bound cytochrome b560 (subunit C; InterPro:000701). In some Archaea, the membrane-bound subunits (C or C and D) do not necessarily contain heme. Membrane-bound subunits can bind/react with quinones. histidine synthesis histidine biosynthesis biological_process histidine biosynthetic process histidine formation histidine anabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid. MetaCyc:HISTSYN-PWY up-regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process positive regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process stimulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids. upregulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process up regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process activation of glucocorticoid metabolic process positive regulation of glucocorticoid metabolism biological_process regulation of Rap protein signal transduction biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rap protein signal transduction. imidazoleglycerol phosphate synthase activity imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase activity imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase activity MetaCyc:GLUTAMIDOTRANS-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P + L-glutamine = D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate + AICAR + L-glutamate. glutamine amidotransferase:cyclase activity imidazole-glycerol-phosphate synthase activity EC:2.4.2.- molecular_function tetraterpenoid biosynthetic process tetraterpenoid formation tetraterpene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units. tetraterpene biosynthesis biological_process tetraterpenoid biosynthesis tetraterpenoid anabolism tetraterpenoid synthesis mitochondrial calcium ion transport biological_process The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within a mitochondrion. mitochondrial calcium transport biological_process Penetration by an organism into a second organism via naturally occurring openings in the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. entry into other organism through natural portals during symbiotic interaction The process that gives rise to the superior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. superior olivary nucleus formation biological_process A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. neuroblast activation GO:0043352 neuroblast activation (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) neuroblast activation (sensu Vertebrata) GO:0043351 peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolism peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolic process peptidolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein during the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells. biological_process proteolysis during cellular protein catabolism proteolysis during cellular protein catabolic process peptidolysis during cellular protein catabolism 4-oxalmesaconate hydratase activity EC:4.2.1.83 oxalmesaconate hydratase activity 4-carboxy-2-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 2,3-hydro-lyase activity 4-carboxy-2-oxohexenedioate hydratase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate = (E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate + H2O. MetaCyc:4-OXALMESACONATE-HYDRATASE-RXN 2-hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 2,3-hydro-lyase activity gamma-oxalmesaconate hydratase activity molecular_function 2-hydroxy-4-oxobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate 2,3-hydro-lyase [(E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate-forming] rhodopsin mediated phototransduction biological_process The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events then required to return the rhodopsin containing cell to the unexcited state. cellular_component A membrane-bound flavoenzyme complex consisting of four subunits, A, B, C, and D. A and B comprise the membrane-extrinsic catalytic domain and C (InterPro:003510; InterPro:004224) and D (InterPro:003418) link the catalytic centers to the electron-transport chain. This family consists of the 13 kDa hydrophobic subunit D. This component may be required to anchor the catalytic components of the fumarate reductase complex to the cytoplasmic membrane. Fumarate reductase couples the reduction of fumarate to succinate to the oxidation of quinol to quinone, in a reaction opposite to that catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase-(ubiquinone)). fumarate reductase complex See also the molecular function term 'succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity ; GO:0008177'. neuromedin U binding NMU binding Interacting selectively and stoichiometrically with neuromedin U, a hypothalamic peptide involved in energy homeostasis and stress responses. PMID:12584108 molecular_function The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the superior olivary nucleus structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process superior olivary nucleus structural organization This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids. regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of SMAD signaling proteins by ubiquitination and targeting to the proteasome. ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein degradation ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein catabolism ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein breakdown biological_process ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein catabolic process proline/glycine/betaine:hydrogen/sodium symporter activity glycine betaine/proline porter activity betaine/GABA:sodium symporter activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid, from one side of the membrane to the other. betaine transmembrane transporter activity downregulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process negative regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids. biological_process inhibition of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process down regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process down-regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process inosine salvage guanine, xanthine and their nucleoside salvage adenine, hypoxanthine and their nucleoside salvage Any process that generates inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. biological_process propanoyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-propanoyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, 1-carboxyethyl-forming) EC:2.3.3.5 MetaCyc:2-METHYLCITRATE-SYNTHASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: propanoyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = (2R,3S)-2-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate + CoA. 2-methylcitrate oxaloacetate-lyase activity 2-methylcitrate synthase activity methylcitrate synthase activity molecular_function MCS activity methylcitrate synthetase activity CCR8 chemokine receptor binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with a CCR8 chemokine receptor. CCR8 chemokine receptor ligand cellular_component The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a lamellipodium. lamellipodium membrane The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the trailing edge of a motile cell. cellular_component trailing edge membrane CDP-diacylglycerol degradation CDP-diacylglycerol catabolic process biological_process CDP-diacylglycerol breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate. CDP-diacylglycerol catabolism nucleoside biosynthesis biological_process nucleoside formation nucleoside synthesis nucleoside anabolism nucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside). ISBN:0140512713 neuroblast fate determination (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) neuroblast cell fate determination GO:0007408 GO:0043347 Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. neuroblast identity determination biological_process neuroblast fate determination (sensu Vertebrata) neuroblast fate determination GO:0043348 ADP/ATP translocase Catalysis of the reaction: ATP(out) + ADP(in) = ATP(in) + ADP(out). TC:2.A.29.1.1 adenine nucleotide translocase ATP:ADP antiporter activity ATP/ADP exchanger GO:0005349 ATP/ADP exchange molecular_function oligopeptide transporter activity molecular_function Enables the directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of, within or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages. uropod membrane uropodium membrane The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a uropod. cellular_component Interacting selectively with a CCR9 chemokine receptor. molecular_function CCR9 chemokine receptor binding CCR9 chemokine receptor ligand activation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process biological_process positive regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process stimulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process up regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids. up-regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process upregulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process arsenite secondary active transmembrane transporter activity arsenite porter activity Catalysis of the transfer of arsenite from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport. GO:0008491 molecular_function CDP-diacylglycerol metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate. It is a common intermediate in phospholipid biosynthesis. biological_process CDP-diacylglycerol metabolic process nucleoside catabolic process biological_process nucleoside breakdown nucleoside catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside). nucleoside degradation biological_process OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). This term was made obsolete because its meaning is ambiguous. To update annotations, consider biological_process terms 'nervous system development ; GO:0007399' or its children and 'neurological system process ; GO:0050877' or its children. pan-neural process peptide uptake permease activity peptide transporter activity Enables the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of, within or between cells. molecular_function GO:0015637 biological_process The process of introducing a phosphate group into IDP, inosine (5'-)diphosphate, to produce ITP. IDP phosphorylation detection of ultraviolet light stimulus biological_process The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. detection of ultraviolet radiation stimulus detection of UV detection of UV light stimulus detection of UV radiation stimulus perception of UV glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway biological_process Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a glucocorticoid binding to its receptor. glucocorticoid receptor signalling pathway CCR10 chemokine receptor ligand CCR10 chemokine receptor binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with a CCR10 chemokine receptor. biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids. regulation of glucocorticoid catabolic process monocyte activation during immune response biological_process The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. PMID:16551245 bacteroid-containing symbiosome A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants. cellular_component lateral part of motile cell The area of a motile cell perpendicular to the direction of movement. cellular_component ganglion mother cell fate determination biological_process Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. cellular_component The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the cell tip. plasma membrane of cell tip biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process diacylglycerol catabolic process diacylglycerol breakdown biological_process diacylglycerol catabolism diacylglycerol degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diacylglycerol, a glycerol molecule substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with long chain fatty acyl residues. L-tryptophan transporter activity valine/tyrosine/tryptophan permease activity Catalysis of the transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. L-tryptophan transmembrane transporter activity L-tryptophan permease activity molecular_function GO:0005299 deoxyinosine salvage Any process that generates deoxyinosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. biological_process Interacting selectively with a CCR11 chemokine receptor. molecular_function CCR11 chemokine receptor ligand CCR11 chemokine receptor binding 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid transport The directed movement of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid into, out of, within or between cells. m-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid transport 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid transport biological_process plasma membrane Sec complex Sec complex (sensu Bacteria) A transmembrane protein complex involved in the translocation of proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. In Gram-negative bacteria, Sec-translocated proteins are subsequently secreted via the type II, IV, or V secretion systems. Sec complex components include SecA, D, E, F, G, Y and YajC. PMID:15223057 cellular_component macrophage activation during immune response biological_process A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. peribacteroid membrane A membrane that surrounds one or more bacteroids (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within legume root nodule cells). cellular_component EC:2.3.3.7 butanoyl-CoA:glyoxylate C-butanoyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, 1-carboxypropyl-forming) MetaCyc:3-ETHYLMALATE-SYNTHASE-RXN 3-ethylmalate glyoxylate-lyase (CoA-butanoylating) activity Catalysis of the reaction: butanoyl-CoA + H2O + glyoxylate = 3-ethylmalate + CoA . molecular_function 2-ethyl-3-hydroxybutanedioate synthase activity 3-ethylmalate synthase activity EC:2.3.3.12 3-propylmalate glyoxylate-lyase (CoA-pentanoylating) activity N-propylmalate synthase activity molecular_function 3-propylmalate synthase activity pentanoyl-CoA:glyoxylate C-pentanoyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, 1-carboxybutyl-forming) beta-n-propylmalate synthase activity Catalysis of the reaction: pentanoyl-CoA + H2O + glyoxylate = 3-propylmalate + CoA . MetaCyc:3-PROPYLMALATE-SYNTHASE-RXN 3-(n-propyl)-malate synthase activity n-propylmalate synthase activity The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell. cellular_component leading edge membrane glial cell fate determination glial cell fate determination (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. biological_process GO:0043361 PMID:15976451 PMID:15701784 Structure within the hyphal tip of filamentous fungi that acts as an organizing center for hyphal tip growth; may function to supply vesicles to the elongating tip and/or to organize cytoskeletal microfilaments. cellular_component spitzenkorper deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. biological_process microglial cell activation during immune response biological_process The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. purine imidazole-ring cyclase activity Catalysis of the reaction: DNA 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine = DNA adenine + H2O. MetaCyc:PURINE-IMIDAZOLE-RING-CYCLASE-RXN EC:4.3.2.4 DNA-4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine C8-N9-lyase (cyclizing; DNA-adenine-forming) DNA-4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine 8-C,9-N-lyase (cyclizing; DNA-adenine-forming) molecular_function DNA-4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine 8-C,9-N-lyase (cyclizing) molecular_function Interacting selectively with a CX3C chemokine receptor. fractalkine receptor binding CX3C chemokine receptor ligand CX3C chemokine receptor binding Myb complex Myeloblastosis proto-oncogene protein complex cellular_component A multisubunit complex consisting of Myb and other proteins that regulates site specific DNA replication, gene amplification and transcriptional repression. PMID:15545624 PMID:12490953 The soluble material inside the peribacteroid membrane, but outside of the bacteroid, within a bacteroid-containing symbiosome. peribacteroid fluid cellular_component GO:0015512 L-threonine permease activity threonine/serine:sodium symporter activity molecular_function L-threonine transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of L-threonine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-threonine is (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. L-threonine transporter activity purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. biological_process purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process bile acid catabolic process bile acid degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile. bile acid catabolism bile acid breakdown biological_process mannosamine catabolism mannosamine breakdown mannosamine degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins. biological_process mannosamine catabolic process diterpenoid synthesis diterpene biosynthetic process diterpenoid formation diterpenoid biosynthesis diterpenoid anabolism diterpene biosynthesis biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units. diterpenoid biosynthetic process MetaCyc:ASPARAGUSATE-REDUCTASE-(NADH)-RXN EC:1.8.1.11 Catalysis of the reaction: 3-mercapto-2-mercaptomethylpropanoate + NAD+ = asparagusate + NADH + H+. molecular_function asparagusate reductase activity NADH2:asparagusate oxidoreductase activity asparagusate dehydrogenase activity asparagusic dehydrogenase activity NADH:asparagusate oxidoreductase activity 3-mercapto-2-mercaptomethylpropanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity asparagusate reductase (NADH2) asparagusate reductase (NADH) activity menthol metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving menthol, the monoterpene 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol. menthol metabolism A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants, of a host cell. host bacteroid-containing symbiosome cellular_component The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process neutrophil activation during immune response XCR1 chemokine receptor ligand XCR1 chemokine receptor binding molecular_function lymphotactin receptor binding Interacting selectively with a XCR1 chemokine receptor. molecular_function S-methylmethionine permease activity Catalysis of the transfer of S-methylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. GO:0015178 S-methylmethionine transporter activity S-methylmethionine transmembrane transporter activity L-serine transmembrane transporter activity threonine/serine:sodium symporter activity L-serine permease activity serine transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of L-serine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-serine is the levorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. molecular_function GO:0015511 L-serine transporter activity The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. purine ribonucleoside monophosphate formation biological_process purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis purine ribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism purine ribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process phosphatidyltransferase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction involving the transfer of a phosphatidate (otherwise known as diacylglycerol 3-phosphosphate) moiety. diterpenoid degradation diterpene catabolism diterpenoid catabolism diterpenoid catabolic process diterpenoid breakdown biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units. diterpene catabolic process biological_process abscisic acid degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid. abscisic acid catabolism abscisic acid breakdown abscisic acid catabolic process aquacobalamin reductase (NADPH) activity EC:1.16.1.5 cob(II)alamin:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity aquacobalamin (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase activity NADPH2:aquacob(III)alamin oxidoreductase activity molecular_function aquacobalamin (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) activity NADPH-linked aquacobalamin reductase activity MetaCyc:AQUACOBALAMIN-REDUCTASE-(NADPH)-RXN NADPH:aquacob(III)alamin oxidoreductase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 2 cob(II)alamin + NADP+ = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + NADPH + H+. The process whereby an immature myeloid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature myeloid dendritic cell during an immune response. biological_process myeloid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response molecular_function MetaCyc:PUTRESCINE-OXIDASE-RXN EC:1.4.3.10 Catalysis of the reaction: putrescine + O2 + H2O = 4-aminobutanal + NH3 + H2O2. putrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) putrescine oxidase activity menthol anabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of menthol, the monoterpene 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol. menthol biosynthetic process menthol formation menthol synthesis menthol biosynthesis biological_process host peribacteroid membrane cellular_component A host-derived membrane that surrounds one or more bacteroids (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within legume root nodule cells). biological_process nucleotide formation nucleotide biosynthetic process nucleotide anabolism nucleotide biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates). nucleotide synthesis proline/glycine/betaine:hydrogen/sodium symporter activity L-proline transmembrane transporter activity L-proline permease activity glycine betaine/proline porter activity Catalysis of the transfer of L-proline from one side of a membrane to the other. L-proline is pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid. L-proline transporter activity GO:0005296 molecular_function cholecystokinin receptor binding Interacting selectively with a cholecystokinin receptor. molecular_function cholecystokinin receptor ligand ecdysteroid catabolism ecdysteroid breakdown biological_process ecdysteroid degradation ecdysteroid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development. negative regulation of interferon type I production biological_process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. downregulation of interferon type I production down-regulation of interferon type I production down regulation of interferon type I production inhibition of interferon type I production Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + O2 = 2-dehydro-D-glucose + H2O2. MetaCyc:PYRANOSE-OXIDASE-RXN EC:1.1.3.10 pyranose:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase activity glucose 2-oxidase activity pyranose-2-oxidase activity pyranose oxidase activity molecular_function monoterpenoid catabolic process monoterpenoid breakdown biological_process CHEBI:25409 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton. monoterpenoid degradation monoterpenoid catabolism EC:2.5.1.50 3-O-acetyl-L-serine:zeatin 2-amino-2-carboxyethyltransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: O-acetyl-L-serine + zeatin = lupinate + acetate. MetaCyc:BETA-(9-CYTOKININ)-ALANINE-SYNTHASE-RXN zeatin 9-aminocarboxyethyltransferase activity O-acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding N6-substituted adenine) O-acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding N(6)-substituted adenine) activity lupinate synthetase activity beta-(9-cytokinin)alanine synthase activity O3-acetyl-L-serine:zeatin 2-amino-2-carboxyethyltransferase activity lupinic acid synthetase activity lupinic acid synthase activity molecular_function beta-(9-cytokinin)-alanine synthase activity host peribacteroid fluid cellular_component The soluble material inside the peribacteroid membrane, but outside of the bacteroid, within a bacteroid-containing symbiosome of a host cell. biological_process A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. lymphocyte activation during immune response putrescine synthase activity EC:2.1.3.6 molecular_function putrescine carbamoyltransferase activity PTCase activity carbamoyl-phosphate:putrescine carbamoyltransferase activity MetaCyc:PUTRESCINE-CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE-RXN putrescine transcarbamylase activity Catalysis of the reaction: carbamoyl phosphate + putrescine = phosphate + N-carbamoylputrescine. The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border. cellular_component brush border membrane nucleotide degradation nucleotide catabolism nucleotide catabolic process nucleotide breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates). biological_process Catalysis of facilitated diffusion of an chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. molecular_function chloride channel activity L-phenylalanine transmembrane transporter activity L-phenylalanine transporter activity L-phenylalanine permease activity Catalysis of the transfer of L-phenylalanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-phenylalanine is 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. molecular_function EC:4.2.2.2 pectic acid lyase activity polygalacturonic acid lyase activity endo-alpha-1,4-polygalacturonic acid lyase activity pectate transeliminase activity alpha-1,4-D-endopolygalacturonic acid lyase activity Catalysis of the eliminative cleavage of pectate to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. endopectin methyltranseliminase activity pectin trans-eliminase activity MetaCyc:4.2.2.2-RXN PPase-N activity molecular_function polygalacturonate lyase activity polygalacturonic transeliminase activity (1->4)-alpha-D-galacturonan lyase activity pectic lyase activity PGA lyase activity pectate lyase activity pectic acid transeliminase activity polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase activity endogalacturonate transeliminase activity streptomycin metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving streptomycin, a commonly used antibiotic in cell culture media. It acts only on prokaryotes and blocks transition from initiation complex to chain elongating ribosome. biological_process streptomycin metabolic process diterpenoid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units. biological_process diterpenoid metabolic process diterpene metabolism diterpene metabolic process EC:1.7.1.6 azo-dye reductase activity molecular_function methyl red azoreductase activity NAD(P)H:1-(4'-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphthol oxidoreductase activity p-dimethylaminoazobenzene azoreductase activity dimethylaminobenzene reductase activity p-aminoazobenzene reductase activity dibromopropylaminophenylazobenzoic azoreductase activity NADPH2:4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene oxidoreductase activity N,N-dimethyl-4-phenylazoaniline azoreductase activity orange II azoreductase activity NADPH2-dependent azoreductase activity azo reductase activity NADPH-dependent azoreductase activity nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) azoreductase activity new coccine (NC)-reductase Catalysis of the reaction: N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine + aniline + NADP+ = 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene + NADPH + H+. MetaCyc:AZOBENZENE-REDUCTASE-RXN NADPH:4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene oxidoreductase activity orange I azoreductase activity New coccine (NC)-reductase activity azobenzene reductase activity NC-reductase activity azoreductase activity N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, aniline:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein. PMID:11724821 GOC:jp biological_process regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity cAMP synthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate). adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate biosynthetic process 3',5' cAMP biosynthetic process cAMP anabolism cAMP biosynthesis 3',5'-cAMP biosynthesis 3',5'-cAMP biosynthetic process cAMP formation biological_process cAMP biosynthetic process adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate biosynthesis cyclic AMP biosynthesis 3',5' cAMP biosynthesis cyclic AMP biosynthetic process glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of a glucuronosides from one side of the membrane to the other. Glucuronosides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of glucuronate. glucuronide transporter activity molecular_function Edg-3 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor ligand Interacting selectively with an Edg-3 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. molecular_function Edg-3 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor binding EC:2.5.1.52 O(3)-acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding 3,4-dihydroxypyridin-1-yl) activity O3-acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding 3,4-dihydroxypyridin-1-yl) MetaCyc:L-MIMOSINE-SYNTHASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: O3-acetyl-L-serine + 3,4-dihydroxypyridine = 3-(3,4-dihydroxypyridin-1-yl)-L-alanine + acetate. 3-O-acetyl-L-serine:3,4-dihydroxypyridine 1-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)transferase activity O3-acetyl-L-serine:3,4-dihydroxypyridine 1-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)transferase activity molecular_function L-mimosine synthase activity monoterpene biosynthetic process biological_process monoterpene biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure. CHEBI:35187 PMID:12803918 PMID:12648772 Formation of tightly-packed gel-like membrane microdomains enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol. biological_process lipid raft formation cellular_component A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation. UniProtKB:P13984 transcription factor TFIIF complex PMID:12655293 PMID:12628743 A protein complex formed by the association of signaling proteins with a death receptor upon ligand binding. The complex includes procaspases and death domain-containing proteins in addition to the ligand-bound receptor. cellular_component DISC death-inducing signalling complex death-inducing signaling complex This term was made obsolete because it describes a gene product. To update annotations, consider biological_process term 'cAMP metabolic process ; GO:0046058' or its children and molecular_function terms 'adenylate cyclase activity ; GO:0004016' or its children and 'hormone activity ; GO:0005179' or its children. cAMP generating peptide activity cyclic AMP generating peptide activity OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). molecular_function lymphotoxin A production biological_process The appearance of lymphotoxin A due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. tumor necrosis factor-beta production TNF-beta production lymphotoxin-alpha production LTA production L-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase (ribulose forming) activity MetaCyc:1.1.1.13-RXN EC:1.1.1.13 Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + L-arabitol = NADH + H+ + L-ribulose. molecular_function L-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase activity cellular_component OBSOLETE. Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane and consisting of proteoglycan. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. This term was made obsolete because it describes the composition (i.e. proteoglycan) and not the location of a gene product. To update annotations, use cellular_component term 'integral to plasma membrane ; GO:0005887'. proteoglycan integral to plasma membrane Catalysis of the transfer of a UDP-glucose from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-glucose is a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. molecular_function UDP-glucose transmembrane transporter activity ADP biosynthesis ADP synthesis ADP biosynthetic process biological_process ADP anabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate. ADP formation Catalysis of the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar from one side of the membrane to the other. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. molecular_function pyrimidine nucleotide sugar transmembrane transporter activity monoterpene metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure. monoterpene metabolism Edg-2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor binding Edg-2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand molecular_function LPA1 receptor binding Interacting selectively with an Edg-2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor. NeuAc synthase activity EC:2.5.1.56 phosphoenolpyruvate:N-acetyl-D-mannosamine C-(1-carboxyvinyl)transferase (phosphate-hydrolysing, 2-carboxy-2-oxoethyl-forming) (NANA)condensing enzyme activity N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase activity MetaCyc:N-ACETYLNEURAMINATE-SYNTHASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + H2O = phosphate + N-acetylneuraminate . molecular_function N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (pyruvate-phosphorylating) activity N-acetylneuraminate synthase activity lipid raft polarization biological_process The clustering and aggregation of lipid rafts at a single cellular pole during activation of particular cell types, such as lymphocytes. PMID:12615889 cytoplasmic origin of replication recognition complex A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the cytoplasm. GOC:elh cellular_component prokaryotic ORC cytoplasmic ORC establishment of lymphocyte polarity lymphocyte polarization The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated lipid rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell. biological_process molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + amine(out) = ADP + phosphate + amine(in). amine ABC transporter amine-transporting ATPase activity tetracyclin transporter activity Enables the directed movement of tetracycline into, out of, within or between cells. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles). molecular_function tetracycline transporter activity biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. regulation of chemokine production MetaCyc:1.1.1.134-RXN EC:1.1.1.134 Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose = NADPH + dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose. thymidine diphospho-6-deoxy-L-talose dehydrogenase activity molecular_function dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase activity TDP-6-deoxy-L-talose dehydrogenase activity dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose dehydrogenase (4-reductase) dTDP-6-deoxy-L-talose 4-dehydrogenase activity biological_process 2-oxobutyrate anabolism 2-oxobutyrate synthesis alpha-ketobutyrate biosynthesis 2-oxobutyrate formation 2-oxobutyrate biosynthesis 2-oxobutyrate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-oxobutyrate, the anion of the organic acid 2-oxobutyric acid, which contains a ketone group on carbon 2. alpha-ketobutyrate biosynthetic process molecular_function Reactome:15054 Catalysis of the transfer of a UDP-glucuronic acid from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-glucuronic acid is a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. UDP-glucuronic acid transmembrane transporter activity holo TFIIH complex A complex that contains kinase activity directed towards the C-terminal Domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and is essential for initiation at RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of the 5-subunit core (Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p and Tfb4p), Ssl2p, and TFIIK (Kin28p, Ccl1p, and Tfb3p). All of the subunits have equivalents in humans: the 5 subunit core is composed of XPD, p62, p55, p44, p34; the equivalent of the TFIIK subcomplex is composed of MO15, Mat1, and a cyclin; the human equivalent of Ssl2p is XPB. UniProtKB:Q13889 PMID:7813015 PMID:14500720 cellular_component hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex proton pump cellular_component hydrogen/potassium-exchanging ATPase complex A protein complex that possesses hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity; characterized in animal cells, where it maintains ionic gradients of Na+ and K+ at the expense of ATP hydrolysis; The complex contains two obligatory subunits, the catalytic alpha subunit and a glycosylated beta subunit; two additional subunits, gamma and channel-inducing factor (CHIF), may also be present. PMID:11756431 Catalysis of the transfer of a polyol from one side of the membrane to the other. A polyol is any polyhydric alcohol. molecular_function sugar/polyol channel activity polyol transmembrane transporter activity molecular_function Any of a group of soluble proteins functioning in the activation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide. translation activator activity The process by which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes. biological_process morphogenesis of a branching structure biological_process GOC:sm A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chitin stimulus. response to chitin site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease activity, specific for altered base molecular_function EC:3.1.25 reverse cholesterol transport The directed movement of periperal cell cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, towards the liver for catabolism. PMID:7751809 GOC:ecd biological_process Edg-1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor binding Edg-1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor ligand Interacting selectively with an Edg-1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. molecular_function pyridoxin 5-dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.99.9 pyridoxine:(acceptor) 5-oxidoreductase activity pyridoxal-5-dehydrogenase activity pyridoxine 5'-dehydrogenase activity pyridoxol 5-dehydrogenase activity pyridoxine:acceptor 5-oxidoreductase activity pyridoxine 5-dehydrogenase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxine + acceptor = isopyridoxal + reduced acceptor. MetaCyc:PYRIDOXINE-5-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-dehydrogenase activity Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate = NADPH + H+ + (4S,5S)-4,5-dehydroxy-2,6-dioxohexanoate. MetaCyc:1.1.1.126-RXN EC:1.1.1.126 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate dehydrogenase activity 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate:NADP+ 6-oxidoreductase activity molecular_function TRAIL death-inducing signaling complex A protein complex formed upon binding of TRAIL to its ligand. The complex includes FADD/Mort1 and procaspase-8 addition to the ligand-bound receptor. cellular_component TRAIL DISC TRAIL death-inducing signalling complex brassinosteroid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving brassinosteroids, any of a group of steroid derivatives that occur at very low concentrations in plant tissues and may have hormone-like effects. ISBN:0192801023 biological_process brassinosteroid metabolism alpha-ketobutyrate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-oxobutyrate, the anion of the organic acid 2-oxobutyric acid, which contains a ketone group on carbon 2. 2-oxobutyrate metabolic process alpha-ketobutyrate metabolic process biological_process 2-oxobutyrate metabolism UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from one side of the membrane to the other. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. molecular_function The attachment of one cell to another cell via protein-carbohydrate (flocculin-mannan) interaction, occurring as a part of the mannose-sensitive, nonsexual aggregation of cells. biological_process cell-cell adhesion during flocculation via cell wall protein-carbohydrate interaction arabinitol transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of an arabitol from one side of the membrane to the other. Arabitol is the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. The D enantiomer is present in lichens and mushrooms. molecular_function arabitol transmembrane transporter activity dodecyl sulphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dodecyl sulfate, commonly found as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a component of a variety of synthetic surfactants. UM-BBD_pathwayID:dds dodecyl sulfate metabolism dodecyl sulfate metabolic process biological_process dodecyl sulphate metabolism dAMP biosynthesis dAMP biosynthetic process dAMP anabolism dAMP formation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate). dAMP synthesis biological_process The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. neuronal migration biological_process neuron migration protohaem IX farnesyltransferase activity heme O synthase activity haem O synthase activity EC:2.5.1.- molecular_function protoheme IX farnesyltransferase activity endothelial differentiation G-protein coupled receptor binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with an endothelial differentiation G-protein coupled receptor. endothelial differentiation G-protein coupled receptor ligand ammonium dehydrogenase activity EC:1.7.1.10 molecular_function N-hydroxy amine reductase activity NADH-hydroxylamine reductase activity Catalysis of the reaction: NH3 + NAD+ + H2O = hydroxylamine + NADH + H+. MetaCyc:HYDROXYLAMINE-REDUCTASE-(NADH)-RXN hydroxylamine reductase (NADH2) NADH:hydroxylamine oxidoreductase activity hydroxylamine reductase (NADH) activity ammonium:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity NADH2:hydroxylamine oxidoreductase activity Fas death-inducing signaling complex CD95 DISC CD95 death-inducing signalling complex A protein complex formed upon binding of Fas/CD95/APO-1 to its ligand. The complex includes FADD/Mort1, procaspase-8/10 and c-FLIP in addition to the ligand-bound receptor. cellular_component CD95 death-inducing signaling complex phytosteroid breakdown phytosteroid degradation phytosteroid catabolic process phytosteroid catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phytosteroids, steroids of higher plants differing from animal steroids C1 or C2 residues at C24 and/or a double bond at C22. biological_process MetaCyc:PYRITHIAMIN-DEAMINASE-RXN EC:3.5.4.20 Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimid-5-ylmethyl)-3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridinium bromide + H2O = 1-(4-hydroxy-2-methylpyrimid-5-ylmethyl)-3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridinium bromide + NH3. 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimid-5-ylmethyl)-3-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridinium-bromide aminohydrolase activity molecular_function pyrithiamine deaminase activity biological_process Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF'). tumor necrosis factor production tumor necrosis factor-alpha production TNF-alpha production TNF production The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate:NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase activity EC:1.1.1.127 MetaCyc:1.1.1.127-RXN 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate dehydrogenase activity 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 5-dehydrogenase activity 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)) dehydrogenase activity Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate = NADH + (4S)-4,6-dihydroxy-2,5-dioxohexanoate. 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconate (3-deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonic acid) dehydrogenase activity molecular_function 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 5-dehydrogenase activity D5 dopamine receptor ligand D5 dopamine receptor binding molecular_function D1B dopamine receptor binding Interacting selectively with a D5 dopamine receptor. chromatin silencing complex cellular_component Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing. ribitol formation biological_process ribitol biosynthesis ribitol anabolism ribitol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribitol, a pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose. ribitol synthesis UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine transmembrane transporter activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of a N-acetylgalactosamine from one side of the membrane to the other. N-acetylgalactosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. beta-alanine transmembrane transporter activity beta-alanine transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of beta-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid. GOC:hjd molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of glycerol from one side of the membrane to the other. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids. molecular_function glycerol transmembrane transporter activity 1,6-alpha-D-mannan mannanohydrolase activity EC:3.2.1.101 endo-alpha-1->6-D-mannanase activity endo-alpha-D-mannosidase activity mannan endo-1,6-beta-mannosidase activity mannan endo-1,6-alpha-mannosidase activity molecular_function endo-1,6-beta-mannanase activity Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-D-mannosidic linkages in unbranched 1,6-mannans. 1,6-beta-D-mannan mannanohydrolase activity MetaCyc:3.2.1.101-RXN exo-1,6-beta-mannanase activity cellular_component ISBN:0582227089 The sex chromosome present in males of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex; generally, the sex chromosome that pairs with the X chromosome in the heterogametic sex. The Y chromosome is absent from the cells of females and present in one copy in the somatic cells of males. Y chromosome organosulfide cycle UM-BBD_pathwayID:sulf biological_process organosulphide cycle molecular_function Interacting selectively with Hsp27 proteins, a lightweight heat shock protein. Hsp27 protein binding Catalysis of the transfer of UDP-xylose from one side of the membrane to the other. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. molecular_function UDP-xylose transmembrane transporter activity pseudopodium membrane The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a pseudopodium. cellular_component chromatin assembly complex cellular_component Any protein complex that acts in the formation of nucleosomes or higher order chromatin structure. dATP biosynthetic process dATP formation dATP biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate). biological_process dATP synthesis dATP anabolism EC:1.1.1.65 pyridoxin dehydrogenase activity MetaCyc:PYRIDOXINE-4-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN pyridoxine 4-dehydrogenase activity pyridoxine dehydrogenase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxine + NADP+ = pyridoxal + NADPH. pyridoxal reductase activity pyridoxol dehydrogenase activity PL reductase activity pyridoxine:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase activity D4 dopamine receptor ligand Interacting selectively with a D4 dopamine receptor. molecular_function D4 dopamine receptor binding molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of glycerol-3-phosphate from one side of the membrane to the other. Glycerol-3-phosphate is a phosphoric monoester of glycerol. glycerol-3-phosphate transmembrane transporter activity ruffle organization and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell. PMID:10036235 biological_process biological_process The directed movement of beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells. beta-alanine transport biological_process The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus. pigment accumulation in response to UV light The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. biological_process purine ribonucleoside monophosphate degradation purine ribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown purine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process purine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the X chromosome are present in each somatic cell of females and one copy is present in males. cellular_component X chromosome dimethyl sulphoxide metabolism dimethyl sulfoxide metabolism DMSO metabolic process dimethyl sulphoxide metabolic process DMSO metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO (C2H6OS), an alkyl sulfoxide that is practically odorless in its purified form. As a highly polar organic liquid, it is a powerful solvent. Its biological activities include the ability to penetrate plant and animal tissues and to preserve living cells during freezing. dimethyl sulfoxide metabolic process biological_process Catalysis of the reaction: O-acetyl-L-homoserine + H2S = homocysteine + acetate. MetaCyc:ACETYLHOMOSER-CYS-RXN molecular_function O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase activity dATP biosynthetic process from ADP dATP anabolism from ADP biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including ADP, adenosine diphosphate. dATP synthesis from ADP dATP formation from ADP The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus. biological_process pigment accumulation in tissues in response to UV light D3 dopamine receptor binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with a D3 dopamine receptor. D3 dopamine receptor ligand EC:1.1.3.12 MetaCyc:PYRIDOXINE-4-OXIDASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxine + O2 = pyridoxal + H2O2. molecular_function pyridoxol 4-oxidase activity pyridoxine 4-oxidase activity pyridoxin 4-oxidase activity pyridoxine:oxygen 4-oxidoreductase activity cellular_component ORC origin of replication recognition complex origin recognition complex A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome. biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, occurring during pigment accumulation. pigment biosynthetic process during pigment accumulation OMIM:604170 OBSOLETE. The trans-bilayer migration of phospholipids accelerated by a phospholipid scramblase upon binding calcium ions. molecular_function phospholipid scrambling This term was made obsolete because it represents a biological process and not a molecular function. To update annotations, use biological_process term 'phospholipid scrambling ; GO:0017121'. microvillus membrane cellular_component The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a microvillus. methyl tert-butyl ether metabolism biological_process UM-BBD_pathwayID:mtb The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl tert-butyl ether, 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane. Methyl tert-butyl ether is a synthetic chemical which is mixed with gasoline for use in reformulated gasoline. It was first introduced as an additive for unleaded gasoline in the 1980s. It is also used as a laboratory reagent and a pharmaceutical agent. methyl tert-butyl ether metabolic process dADP anabolism dADP formation biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate). dADP biosynthesis dADP biosynthetic process dADP synthesis glycine receptor-associated protein This term was made obsolete because it does not describe a molecular function. To update annotations, consider molecular_function term 'protein binding ; GO:0005515' or its children. OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). molecular_function beta-pyrazolylalaninase activity EC:4.2.1.50 MetaCyc:PYRAZOLYLALANINE-SYNTHASE-RXN pyrazolylalanine synthase activity L-serine hydro-lyase (adding pyrazole) Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + pyrazole = 3-(pyrazol-1-yl)-L-alanine + H2O. L-serine hydro-lyase [adding pyrazole; 3-(pyrazol-1-yl)-L-alanine-forming] molecular_function Ndc80 complex Nuf2-Ndc80 complex A protein complex conserved among eukaryotes that forms part of the kinetochore and plays an essential role in forming stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The complex contains proteins known in several species, including budding and fission yeasts, as Ndc80p, Nuf2p, Spc24p, and Spc25p. In vertebrates it is part of the outer plate of the kinetochore. PMID:15661517 PMID:15509863 cellular_component ISBN:0321000382 The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the female is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the Z chromosome are present in each somatic cell of males and one copy is present in females. cellular_component Z chromosome beta3Gal-Ts activity UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity beta-1,3-GalTase activity UDP-Gal:beta-GlcNAc beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity PMID:10212226 Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetylglucosamine = galactose-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine + UDP. molecular_function UDP-galactose beta-N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase activity molecular_function EC:4.1.1.45 alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehade decarboxylase activity alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde beta-decarboxylase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-2-enyl)-but-2-enedioate = 2-aminomuconate semialdehyde + CO2. picolinic acid carboxylase activity MetaCyc:4.1.1.45-RXN 2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)but-2-enedioate carboxy-lyase (2-aminomuconate-semialdehyde-forming) picolinic acid decarboxylase activity 2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-2-enyl)but-2-enedioate carboxy-lyase activity 2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)but-2-enedioate carboxy-lyase activity pigment accumulation pigment accumulation in response to external stimulus biological_process The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus. filopodium membrane cellular_component The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a filopodium. UM-BBD_pathwayID:dme dimethyl ether metabolism dimethyl ether metabolic process biological_process methyl ether metabolic process methyl ether metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethyl ether, CH3-O-CH3, the simplest ether. Dimethyl ether, also known wood ether and methyl ether, is a colorless gas that has been used in refrigeration applications. dADP phosphorylation biological_process The process of introducing a phosphate group into dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate, to produce dATP. organic ether metabolic process biological_process organic ether metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic ethers, any anhydride of the general formula R1-O-R2, formed between two identical or nonidentical organic hydroxy compounds. molecular_function OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). This term was made obsolete because more specific terms were created. To update annotations, consider molecular_function term 'inward rectifier potassium channel activity ; GO:0005242' or its children. inward rectifier channel DNA replication preinitiation complex pre-IC A multiprotein complex assembled at eukaryotic DNA replication origins immediately prior to the initiation of DNA replication. The preinitiation complex is formed by the assembly of additional proteins onto an existing prereplicative complex. In budding yeast, the additional proteins include Cdc45p, Sld2p, Sld3p, Dpb11p, DNA polymerases, and others. PMID:15194812 PMID:12694535 cellular_component pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase activity EC:1.1.1.107 pyridoxal:NAD+ 4-oxidoreductase activity pyridoxal dehydrogenase activity MetaCyc:PYRIDOXAL-4-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxal + NAD+ = 4-pyridoxolactone + NADH. molecular_function protein-ER retention protein retention in ER PMID:12972550 The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER. protein-endoplasmic reticulum retention biological_process retention of protein in endoplasmic reticulum retention of protein in ER biological_process Any process by which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense(s) of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Suppression occurs by active mechanisms that normally result in the shutting down of pathways in the second organism. negative regulation of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction suppression of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction MetaCyc:CDP-GLYCEROL-PYROPHOSPHATASE-RXN CDP-glycerol pyrophosphatase activity CDP-glycerol diphosphatase activity CDPglycerol pyrophosphatase activity EC:3.6.1.16 molecular_function CDPglycerol phosphoglycerohydrolase activity CDP-glycerol phosphoglycerohydrolase activity cytidine diphosphoglycerol pyrophosphatase activity Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-glycerol + H2O = CMP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. CDPglycerol diphosphatase activity The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process GO:0006841 sodium:dicarboxylate transport dicarboxylic acid transport OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). molecular_function GO:0005454 GO:0005453 small-molecule carrier or transporter This term was made obsolete because it does not provide a useful functional classification. To update annotations, consider molecular_function term 'transporter activity ; GO:0005215' or its children. guanosine salvage guanine, xanthine and their nucleoside salvage Any process that generates guanosine, guanine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. biological_process gamma-chloroallylchloride metabolism biological_process gamma-chloroallylchloride metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving members of the 1,3-dichloropropene family, which includes cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene. The 1,3-dichloropropenes are chlorinated hydrocarbons and the major active ingredients of commercial products for control of plant-parasitic nematodes. UM-BBD_pathwayID:cpr http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/cpr/cpr_map.html 1,3-dichloropropene metabolism 1,3-dichloropropylene metabolism 1,3-dichloropropylene metabolic process 1,3-dichloropropene metabolic process proteinoplast cellular_component A leucoplast in which protein is stored. GOC:pz molecular_function EC:3.1.13 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters. exoribonuclease activity, producing 5' phosphomonoesters exoribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters superior reticular formation development This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families. antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib uridine:hydrogen ion symporter activity nucleoside (uridine) permease activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: uridine(out) + H+(out) = uridine(in) + H+(in). EC:4.2.1.45 CDP-glucose 4,6-hydro-lyase activity CDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase activity molecular_function CDP-glucose 4,6-hydro-lyase (CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose-forming) MetaCyc:CDP-GLUCOSE-4,6-DEHYDRATASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-glucose = CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + H2O. cytidine diphosphoglucose oxidoreductase activity CDPglucose 4,6-dehydratase activity CDPglucose 4,6-hydro-lyase activity avoidance of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, minimizes, or suppresses the effects of a second organism's defense(s), where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process TC:2.A.29.13.1 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: succinate(out) + fumarate(in) = succinate(in) + fumarate(out). molecular_function succinate:fumarate antiporter activity 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol metabolic process DCP metabolic process UM-BBD_pathwayID:dcp http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/dcp/dcp_map.html The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DCP), a halohydrin suspected of being carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic. DCP is used as a general solvent, as an intermediate in organic synthesis and in paints, varnishes, lacquers, water colors, binders and photographic lacquers. 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol metabolism biological_process DCP metabolism regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase. posttranslational membrane targeting posttranslational protein membrane targeting posttranslational protein-membrane targeting SRP-independent protein-membrane targeting posttranslational protein targeting to membrane biological_process The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane. cellular_component Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. Golgi cisterna exodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters molecular_function EC:3.1.11 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters. exodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5' phosphomonoesters antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I biological_process The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. molecular_function equilibrative nucleoside transporter PMID:12446811 PMID:11749958 PMID:10353709 Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleoside, from one side of a membrane to the other, down the concentration gradient. nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity, down a concentration gradient inferior reticular formation development This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process water transport up regulation of synapse structural plasticity upregulation of synapse structural plasticity stimulation of synapse structural plasticity positive regulation of synapse structural plasticity biological_process Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic structural plasticity. activation of synapse structural plasticity up-regulation of synapse structural plasticity CDP-abequose epimerase activity EC:5.1.3.10 CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose 2-epimerase activity cytidine diphosphoparatose epimerase activity CDP-paratose 2-epimerase activity cytidine diphosphodideoxyglucose epimerase activity MetaCyc:CDP-ABEQUOSE-EPIMERASE-RXN CDP-tyvelose 2-epimerase activity CDP-D-abequose 2-epimerase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose = CDP-3,6-dideoxy-D-mannose. cytidine diphosphoabequose epimerase activity CDP-paratose epimerase activity cytidine diphosphate paratose-2-epimerase activity CDP-abequose epimerase activity vesicle lumen The volume enclosed by the membrane or protein that forms a vesicle. cellular_component 2,4-D metabolic process 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid metabolism 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid metabolic process biological_process 2,4-D metabolism UM-BBD_pathwayID:2,4d The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a chlorinated phenoxy compound which functions as a systemic herbicide and is used to control many types of broadleaf weeds. UM-BBD_pathwayID:2,4-d GMP biosynthesis biological_process GMP biosynthetic process GMP anabolism GMP formation GMP synthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate. biological_process The directed movement of an alkanesulfonate into, out of, within or between cells. Alkanesulfonates are organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical. alkanesulphonate transport alkanesulfonate transport cellular_component suborganelle compartment A membrane-enclosed compartment that is a part of an organelle. organelle subcompartment molecular_function EC:1.1.2 Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome molecule. oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor regulation of interferon-beta production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production. biological_process molecular_function equilibrative nucleoside transmembrane transporter, nitrobenzyl-thioinosine-sensitive activity intermediate reticular formation development This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation The process by which a non-professional antigen presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all cell types but dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. biological_process OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). biological_process This term was made obsolete because it was an unnecessary grouping term. To update annotations, consider biological_process term 'transport ; GO:0006810' or its children. small molecule transport EC:1.1.3.14 catechol:oxygen oxidoreductase (dimerizing) MetaCyc:CATECHOL-OXIDASE-(DIMERIZING)-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 4 catechol + 3 O2 = 2 dibenzo[1,4]dioxin-2,3-dione + 6 H2O. molecular_function catechol oxidase (dimerizing) activity biological_process Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of a second organism's defense(s), where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). evasion or tolerance of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction dichloromethane metabolic process dichloromethane metabolism UM-BBD_pathwayID:dcm The chemical reactions and pathways involving dichloromethane, a dichlorinated derivative of methane. It is a colorless organic liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor, often used as a paint remover. biological_process vesicle cellular_component Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane or protein. guanine salvage biological_process Any process that generates guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. guanine, xanthine and their nucleoside salvage The directed movement of benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process benzoate transport EC:3.1.14 molecular_function Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 3' phosphomonoesters. exoribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters molecular_function equilibrative nucleoside transmembrane transporter, nitrobenzyl-thioinosine-insensitive activity This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. lateral reticular nucleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral reticular nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. regulation of interferon-gamma production biological_process biological_process The process by which a macrophage expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. macrophage antigen processing and presentation inhibition of histamine uptake biological_process Any process that prevents the activation of the directed movement of histamine into a cell. nuclear lumen The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. cellular_component protein targeting to peroxisome biological_process The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome using signals contained within the protein. protein-peroxisome targeting carnosine-anserine synthetase activity EC:6.3.2.11 carnosine-homocarnosine synthetase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine = AMP + diphosphate + carnosine. MetaCyc:CARNOSINE-SYNTHASE-RXN homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase activity L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (AMP-forming) carnosine synthase activity carnosine synthetase activity cellular_component OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). This term was made obsolete because it represents a single gene product and not a complex. To update annotations, use cellular_component term 'transcription factor TFIID complex ; GO:0005669'. transcription-activating factor, 30kD biological_process PMID:11200054 The process by which a monocyte expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. monocyte antigen processing and presentation regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production. biological_process Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters. endoribonuclease activity, producing other than 5'-phosphomonoesters molecular_function EC:3.1.27 endoribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Chemiosmotic sources of energy include uniport, symport or antiport. In high affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. high affinity secondary active ammonium transmembrane transporter activity CTG codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, CTG codes for leucine. molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CTG codon. Any process contributing to lymphocyte anergy, a state of functional inactivation. biological_process lymphocyte anergy upregulation of histamine uptake biological_process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of histamine into a cell. up regulation of histamine uptake activation of histamine uptake positive regulation of histamine uptake stimulation of histamine uptake up-regulation of histamine uptake cellular_component The volume enclosed by the mitochondrial inner membrane. mitochondrial lumen The posttranslational modification of proteins in the vacuole, including proteolytic cleavage of precursors to form active enzymes. vacuolar protein maturation biological_process vacuolar protein processing cellular_component PMID:10637607 A multiprotein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase and is involved in regulation of transcription. The budding yeast complex includes Gcn5p, two proteins of the Ada family, and two TBP-associate proteins (TAFs); analogous complexes in other species have analogous compositions, and usually contain homologs of the yeast proteins. Ada2/Gcn5/Ada3 transcription activator complex regulation of interferon-alpha production biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production. biological_process The process by which a plasmacytoid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation mitochondrial transport mitochondrial sodium/calcium ion exchange mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate transport mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate/malate transport biological_process Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion. Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters. molecular_function EC:3.1.26 endoribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters primary active transmembrane transporter activity molecular_function TC:3 Catalysis of the transfer of a solute from one side of the membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is powered by a primary energy source. Primary energy sources known to be coupled to transport are chemical, electrical and solar sources. TC:3.-.-.-.- primary active transporter ISBN:0721601871 fibrosis during inflammatory response biological_process GOC:jal The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared during or following an inflammatory response. connective tissue replacement during inflammatory response regulation of connective tissue growth factor production biological_process regulation of IGFBP8 production regulation of Fisp12 production regulation of CCN2 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of connective tissue growth factor production. regulation of CTGF production regulation of Hcs24 production regulation of hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 production growth or development within other organism during symbiotic interaction biological_process The increase in size or mass of an organism, or the progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring within the cells or tissues of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down the tissue of the second organism. invasive growth serotonin transport The directed movement of serotonin into, out of, within or between cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. biological_process UniProtKB:P52655 A component of the transcription machinery of RNA Polymerase II. In humans, TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha (P35), beta (P19) and gamma subunits (P12). cellular_component transcription factor TFIIA complex protein targeting to vacuole biological_process The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole using signals contained within the protein. protein-vacuole targeting protein-vacuolar targeting protein vacuolar targeting EC:3.1.31 endoribonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters. molecular_function 3'-endonuclease activity Note that this activity can catalyze cleavage of DNA or RNA. endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters biological_process OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). allantoin/allantoate transport This term was made obsolete because it is a composite term that represents two individual processes. To update annotations, consider biological_process terms 'allantoate transport ; GO:0015719' and 'allantoin transport ; GO:0015720'. regulation of fractalkine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production. biological_process luciferase monooxygenase activity luciferin monooxygenase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the oxidation of luciferin. The reaction results in light emission as luciferin returns to the ground state after enzymatic oxidation. luciferase activity clearance of damaged tissue during inflammatory response The series of events leading to removal of necrotic debris during or following an inflammatory response. biological_process biological_process Penetration by an organism into a second organism via active breaching of physical barriers, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. entry into other organism through barriers of other organism during symbiotic interaction cellular_component UniProtKB:P29083 A transcription factor which in humans consists of a complex of two alpha and two beta chains. Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and helps activate both RNA polymerase II and TFIIH. transcription factor TFIIE complex protein targeting to lysosome protein-lysosome targeting biological_process The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein. neurotransmitter transport The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. biological_process sodium:neurotransmitter transport endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters. molecular_function 5'-endonuclease activity Note that this activity can catalyze cleavage of DNA or RNA. EC:3.1.30 endoribonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production. The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue during or following an inflammatory response. biological_process healing during inflammatory response The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall during cytogamy. biological_process cell wall catabolic process during cytogamy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade. biological_process regulation of kinin cascade group A colicin transmembrane transporter activity PMID:9171417 Catalysis of the transfer of group A colicins (colicins E1, E2, E3, A, K, and N) from one side of a membrane to the other. molecular_function MHB maturation isthmus maturation PMID:15541513 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. biological_process This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation Note that in the standard genetic code, CCA codes for proline. CCA codon-amino acid adaptor activity A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CCA codon. molecular_function alpha-catenin binding Interacting selectively with the alpha subunit of the catenin complex. molecular_function inhibition of serotonin uptake biological_process Any process that prevents the activation of the directed movement of serotonin into a cell. inhibition of 5HT uptake inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibition of 5-HT uptake ER translocation SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, translocation SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, translocation translocation during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane biological_process The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen. SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. trigeminal motor nucleus development biological_process The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal motor nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. molecular_function PMID:9704409 PMID:9020082 PMID:12133724 PMID:11048732 Interacting selectively with the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domain of a protein. Bcl-2-related proteins share homology in one to four conserved regions designated the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4. These domains contribute at multiple levels to the function of these proteins in cell death and survival. Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family have four BH domains (BH1-BH4). Pro-apoptotic members have fewer BH domains. Bcl-2 homology domain binding BH domain binding EC:2.6.1.32 valine-2-keto-methylvalerate aminotransferase activity molecular_function valine--isoleucine transaminase activity valine-3-methyl-2-oxovalerate transaminase activity MetaCyc:2.6.1.32-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: 2-keto-3-methyl-valerate + L-valine = L-iso-leucine + 2-keto-isovalerate. valine--isoleucine aminotransferase activity valine-3-methyl-2-oxovalerate aminotransferase activity L-valine:(S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate aminotransferase activity valine--3-methyl-2-oxovalerate aminotransferase activity EC:2.8.1.6 dethiobiotin:sulfur sulfurtransferase activity biotin synthetase activity molecular_function biotin synthase activity MetaCyc:2.8.1.6-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: dethiobiotin + sulfur = biotin. biological_process PMID:16204239 GOC:rn The directed movement of riboflavin into, out of, within or between cells. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins. riboflavin transport biological_process downregulation of kinin cascade down-regulation of kinin cascade down regulation of kinin cascade Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade. negative regulation of kinin cascade inhibition of kinin cascade molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CCG codon. CCG codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, CCG codes for proline. colicin transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of a colicin from one side of a membrane to the other. Colicins are a group of antibiotics produced by E. coli and related species that are encoded by a group of naturally occurring plasmids, e.g. Col E1. molecular_function gamma-catenin binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with the gamma subunit of the catenin complex. SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence processing biological_process The removal of the signal peptide from a nascent protein during cotranslational membrane targeting. SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, signal sequence processing SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, signal sequence processing signal sequence processing during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition The process by which SRP binds to the signal peptide in a nascent protein, causing protein elongation to pause, during cotranslational membrane targeting. SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, signal sequence recognition SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, signal sequence recognition signal sequence recognition during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane biological_process histamine uptake biological_process The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CAT codon. CAT codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, CAT codes for histidine. purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process biological_process purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. CH domain binding calponin homology domain binding Interacting selectively with the calponin homology domain of a protein, a domain of 100 residues that occurs in signaling and cytoskeletal proteins. Prosite:PDOC50021 PMID:11911887 molecular_function HCS EC:6.3.4.15 acetyl coenzyme A holocarboxylase synthetase activity biotin:apo-acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) ligase (AMP-forming) biotin-[acetyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligase activity molecular_function biotin-acetyl-CoA-carboxylase ligase activity acetyl CoA holocarboxylase synthetase activity biotin holoenzyme synthetase activity biotin-acetyl-CoA carboxylase synthetase biotin:apocarboxylase ligase activity acetyl-CoA carboxylase biotin holoenzyme synthetase activity biotin-acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase synthetase activity biotin--protein ligase activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP forming)). MetaCyc:BIOTINLIG-RXN biotin--[acetyl-CoA carboxylase] synthetase activity EC:2.6.1.34 uridine diphospho-4-amino-2-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose aminotransferase activity UDP-2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity MetaCyc:2.6.1.34-RXN UDP-4-amino-2-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose transaminase activity UDP-4-amino-2-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose aminotransferase activity UDP-2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose transaminase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + UDP-2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose = L-glutamate + UDP-2-acetamido-4-dehydro-2,6-dideoxyglucose. molecular_function biological_process The process by which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation microtubule plus-end binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with the plus end of a microtubule. PMID:14614826 PMID:14557818 kinin cascade A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell that occur as a result of by-products of tissue damage, including collagen, cartilage, and basement membrane. The ultimate product of the kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability. PMID:14501145 PMID:11842287 biological_process cellular_component plasma membrane-derived thylakoid lumen plasma membrane thylakoid lumen thylakoid lumen (sensu Cyanobacteria) The volume enclosed by a plasma membrane-derived thylakoid. riboflavin transporter activity Facilitates the directed movement of riboflavin into, out of, within or between cells. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins. molecular_function CCT codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, CCT codes for proline. molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CCT codon. cadherin binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion. acridine transporter activity molecular_function Enables the directed movement of acridine (10-azaanthracene), a heterocyclic ring compound found in crude coal-tar anthracene, into, out of, within or between cells. The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane. SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting biological_process ER translocation SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane neuronal cell programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death, neuronal cells apoptosis of neuronal cells neuronal cell apoptosis programmed cell death of neurons by apoptosis neuron apoptosis biological_process neuron programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death of neuronal cells by apoptosis The process of apoptosis in neurons, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. MeSH:A.08.663 apoptosis of neurons programmed cell death, neurons EC:6.3.4.11 biotin-methylcrotonoyl-CoA-carboxylase ligase activity molecular_function biotin--[methylcrotonoyl-CoA-carboxylase] synthetase activity biotin-[methylcrotonoyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligase activity MetaCyc:6.3.4.11-RXN holocarboxylase-synthetase activity biotin-beta-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A carboxylase synthetase activity biotin-methylcrotonoyl-CoA-carboxylase synthetase beta-methylcrotonyl coenzyme A holocarboxylase synthetase activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)). biotin:apo-3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) ligase (AMP-forming) regulation of histamine uptake Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter histamine into a cell. biological_process UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0320 Catalysis of the reaction: cis-2,3-dihydrodiol DDT + NADP+ = NADPH + 2,3-dihydroxy DDT. molecular_function EC:1.3.1.- cis-2,3-dihydrodiol DDT dehydrogenase activity The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism biological_process purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate formation tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade biological_process A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell initiated by the action of tissue (glandular) kallikreins on low molecular weight kininogen in response to tissue damage. Tissue kallikreins are present in glandular tissues and their fluids, such as the salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreas, and kidney. The ultimate products of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability. glandular kallikrein-kinin cascade biological_process The process by which a myeloid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation post-mating behaviour The specific actions or reactions of an organism following mating. biological_process post-mating behavior GPI-inositol acyltransferase glucosaminyl-phosphotidylinositol O-acyltransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: glucosaminyl-phosphotidylinositol + fatty acyl-CoA = glucosaminyl-acyl-phosphotidylinositol + CoA. Reactome:REACT_1049.1 EC:2.3.1.- molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CCC codon. molecular_function CCC codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, CCC codes for proline. molecular_function Enables the directed movement of a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to living organisms, into, out of, within or between cells. xenobiotic transporter activity This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. Note that this term was placed as a child of 'brain development' because the nucleus spans multiple brain regions from midbrain to spinal cord. trigeminal sensory nucleus development biological_process The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal sensory nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, docking SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, docking protein docking during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane The process by which an SRP-bound ribosome forms a complex with the SRP receptor in the ER membrane, allowing the ribosome to bind to the membrane, during cotranslational membrane targeting. biological_process SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking biotin--[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase] ligase activity EC:6.3.4.9 biotin-methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase ligase activity methylmalonyl coenzyme A holotranscarboxylase synthetase activity biotin--[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase] synthetase activity biotin-methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase ligase activity biotin-transcarboxylase synthetase activity biotin-[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase] ligase activity MetaCyc:6.3.4.9-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase) = AMP + diphosphate + (methylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase). biotin-methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase synthetase activity biotin--[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase] synthetase activity biotin-methylmalonyl coenzyme A carboxyltransferase synthetase activity biotin:apomethylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxytransferase ligase (AMP-forming) biotin-[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase] ligase activity biotin:apomethylmalonyl-CoA:pyruvate carboxyltransferase ligase (AMP-forming) molecular_function biotin-methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase synthetase negative regulation of histamine uptake biological_process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of histamine into a cell. downregulation of histamine uptake down-regulation of histamine uptake down regulation of histamine uptake pyridoxamine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity pyridoxamine-pyruvate transaminase activity EC:2.6.1.30 pyridoxamineu-pyruvic transaminase activity pyridoxamine--pyruvate aminotransferase activity pyridoxamine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + pyridoxamine = L-alanine + pyridoxal. MetaCyc:2.6.1.30-RXN pyridoxamine-pyruvic transaminase purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. biological_process purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate degradation stress-activated MAPK cascade p38 MAPK signalling stress-activated MAPKKK cascade biological_process stress-activated MAPK signalling pathway p38 MAPK signaling stress-activated MAPKKK signalling pathway stress-activated MAPKKK signaling pathway stress-activated MAPK signaling pathway A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays one or more of the signals; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. PMID:15936270 GOC:mtg_15nov05 Any process of the immune system that occurs as part of an immune response. biological_process immune effector process This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. globose nucleus development This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the globose nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cellobiose phosphorylase activity molecular_function MetaCyc:CELLOBIOSE-PHOSPHORYLASE-RXN EC:2.4.1.20 cellobiose:phosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: cellobiose + phosphate = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + D-glucose. molecular_function EC:1.1.1.117 Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose + NAD(P)+ = D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NAD(P)H + H+. Also acts on L-galactose, 6-deoxy- and 3,6-dideoxy-L-galactose. MetaCyc:1.1.1.117-RXN D-arabinose:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductase activity D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity nucleobase:cation symporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleobase(out) + cation(out) = nucleobase(in) + cation(in). molecular_function alkylphosphonate transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of an alkylphosphonate from one side of a membrane to the other. molecular_function biological_process activation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA. stimulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication up-regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication up regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication positive regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication upregulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication biological_process Tolerance induction to self antigens in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. peripheral tolerance induction to self antigen The volume enclosed by a thylakoid membrane. cellular_component thylakoid lumen EC:3.6.1.3 complex V (mitochondrial electron transport) adenosine 5'-triphosphatase activity ATP phosphohydrolase activity ATPase activity HCO3--ATPase GO:0004002 adenosine triphosphatase activity ATP hydrolase activity SV40 T-antigen adenosinetriphosphatase activity ATP monophosphatase activity Consider also annotating to the molecular function term 'ATP binding ; GO:0005524'. molecular_function (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. May or may not be coupled to another reaction. aspartokinase activity EC:2.7.2.4 ATP:L-aspartate 4-phosphotransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate = ADP + 4-phospho-L-aspartate. beta-aspartokinase activity aspartate kinase activity MetaCyc:ASPARTATEKIN-RXN molecular_function aspartic kinase activity biological_process The directed movement of a molecule(s) produced by an organism to a location inside a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. transport of molecules into other organism during symbiotic interaction translocation of molecules into other organism during symbiotic interaction 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane dehydrogenase activity molecular_function UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0352 EC:1.3.-.- Catalysis of the reaction: 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane. 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene is also known as DDMU; 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane is also known as DDMS. DDMS dehydrogenase activity coenzyme B metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes. coenzyme B metabolism inhibition of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication negative regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA. down regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication biological_process downregulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication down-regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication CAG codon-amino acid adaptor activity Note that in the standard genetic code, CAG codes for glutamine. molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CAG codon. The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process tricarboxylic acid transport biological_process 5HT uptake 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake 5-HT uptake The directed movement of serotonin into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. serotonin uptake Any process that initiates an immune response. biological_process activation of immune response This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process PMID:2675423 ISBN:0879695897 The joining together of two independently transcribed RNAs, where the one that provides the 5' portion of the final mRNA is from a splice leader RNA (SL-RNA). The SL-RNA, or mini-exon donor sequence, is added to the 5'-end of the acceptor RNA molecule which provides the mRNA body. nuclear mRNA trans splicing, splice leader addition emboliform nucleus development This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the emboliform nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. MetaCyc:CEPHALOSPORIN-C-DEACETYLASE-RXN EC:3.1.1.41 cephalosporin C acetyl-esterase activity cephalosporin C acetylesterase activity cephalosporin-C deacetylase activity cephalosporin C deacetylase activity cephalosporin C acetyl-hydrolase activity molecular_function cephalosporin C acetylase activity cephalosporin acetylesterase activity Catalysis of the reaction: cephalosporin C + H2O = deacetylcephalosporin C + acetate. cephalosporin-C acetylhydrolase activity alkylphosphonate transport biological_process The directed movement of an alkylphosphonate into, out of, within or between cells. The volume enclosed by a plastid thylakoid membrane. cellular_component plastid thylakoid lumen endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5' phosphomonoesters Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters. EC:3.1.21 molecular_function ISBN:081533642X The process by which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation. biological_process germinal center formation This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-phenylpropionate dehydrogenase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol + NAD+ = NADH + H+ + 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionate. UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0308 biological_process PMID:10940051 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes. coenzyme B formation coenzyme B biosynthetic process coenzyme B synthesis MetaCyc:P241-PWY coenzyme B anabolism coenzyme B biosynthesis MetaCyc:ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN EC:1.2.1.11 aspartic beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating) molecular_function L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity ASA dehydrogenase activity Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde + phosphate + NADP+ = L-4-aspartyl phosphate + NADPH + H+. L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde:NADP oxidoreductase (phosporylating) aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity translocation of DNA into other organism during symbiotic interaction The directed movement of DNA from an organism to a location inside a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA. biological_process regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication purine-specific nucleoside:sodium symporter activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: purine(out) + Na+(out) = nucleoside(in) + Na+(in). TC:2.A.41.2.1 The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a mitochondrion. biological_process mitochondrial citrate transport butyrate degradation butyrate breakdown biological_process butyrate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of butyrate, the anion of butyric acid. butyrate catabolism biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin into a cell. regulation of 5HT uptake regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake regulation of 5-HT uptake regulation of serotonin uptake A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CGT codon. Note that in the standard genetic code, CGT codes for arginine. CGT codon-amino acid adaptor activity molecular_function molecular_function OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). uracil/uridine permease activity This term was made obsolete because it represents a multifunctional gene product. To update annotations, consider molecular_function terms 'transmembrane transporter activity ; GO:0022857' or its children, 'uracil transmembrane transporter activity ; GO:0015210' or its children, and 'uridine transmembrane transporter activity ; GO:0015213' or its children. OBSOLETE. The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is independent of SRP and signal recognition. PMID:11101515 SRP-independent cotranslational membrane targeting biological_process This term was made obsolete because there is no evidence for the existence of this process. SRP-independent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting ER translocation http://calspace.ucsd.edu/origins/Glossary/C.htm The joining together, after removal of an intervening sequence composed of one or more introns, of two segments of the same RNA molecule via U2-type spliceosomal catalysis to produce an mRNA composed only of exon sequences that all came from the same primary transcript. biological_process nuclear mRNA cis splicing, via U2-type spliceosome This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. adaptive immune response biological_process An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). acquired immune response Stedman's Medical Dictionary ISBN:068340007X cellobiose epimerase activity MetaCyc:CELLOBIOSE-EPIMERASE-RXN EC:5.1.3.11 molecular_function cellobiose 2-epimerase activity Catalysis of the reaction: cellobiose = D-glucosyl-D-mannose. A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer, also includes the space between layers. cellular_component envelope endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters molecular_function EC:3.1.22 endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing other than 5'-phosphomonoesters Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters. peripheral tolerance induction to nonself antigen Tolerance induction to nonself antigens in the periphery. biological_process The directed movement of group A colicins (colicins E1, E2, E3, A, K, and N) into, out of, within or between cells. biological_process group A colicin transport biological_process mitochondrial oxoglutarate/malate transport OBSOLETE. The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate and malate into, out of or within a mitochondrion. This term was made obsolete because it represents a function rather than a process. To update annotations, use biological_process terms 'alpha-ketoglutarate transport ; GO:0015742', 'malate transport ; GO:0015743', and 'mitochondrial transport ; GO:0006839' and molecular_function term 'oxoglutarate:malate antiporter activity ; GO:0015367'. mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate/malate transport positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase up-regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity upregulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase. biological_process activation of telomere maintenance via telomerase stimulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase up regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0177 Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA = 2 H+ + 2 e- + 2-ketocyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA. molecular_function 2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity rhamnose metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose. Rhamnose occurs commonly as a compound of plant glycosides, in polysaccharides of gums and mucilages, and in bacterial polysaccharides. It is also a component of some plant cell wall polysaccharides and frequently acts as the sugar components of flavonoids. rhamnose metabolism biliverdin reductase activity MetaCyc:BILIVERDIN-REDUCTASE-RXN EC:1.3.1.24 molecular_function bilirubin:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase activity Catalysis of the reaction: bilirubin + NAD(P)+ = biliverdin + NAD(P)H + H+. cytolysis by host of symbiont cells biological_process The killing by an organism of a cell in its symbiont organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. EC:1.1.99.18 CDH activity cellobiose oxidoreductase activity cellobiose dehydrogenase (quinone) activity cellobiose dehydrogenase (acceptor) activity GO:0047737 cellobiose:(acceptor) 1-oxidoreductase activity molecular_function CBOR activity MetaCyc:CELLOBIOSE-DEHYDROGENASE-(ACCEPTOR)-RXN cellobiose dehydrogenase activity cellobiose-quinone oxidoreductase activity Catalysis of the reaction: cellobiose + acceptor = cellobiono-1,5-lactone + reduced acceptor. phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiose oxidoreductase activity cellobiose:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase activity cellobiose oxidase activity cellobiose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase activity Note that in the standard genetic code, CAC codes for histidine. CAC codon-amino acid adaptor activity molecular_function A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CAC codon. cellular_component voltage-sensitive calcium channel complex voltage-dependent calcium channel complex A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential. voltage-gated calcium channel complex voltage gated calcium channel complex Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of serotonin into a cell. downregulation of serotonin uptake biological_process negative regulation of 5-HT uptake negative regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake down regulation of serotonin uptake negative regulation of 5HT uptake negative regulation of serotonin uptake down-regulation of serotonin uptake mRNA editing complex editosome A protein complex that posttranscriptionally catalyzes insertion, deletion or substitution of nucleotides at multiple sites within nascent mRNA transcripts to produce mature mRNAs in eukaryotes. PMID:12139607 PMID:11564867 http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol1/issue1/full/4/ cellular_component dentate nucleus development This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The directed movement of a colicin into, out of, within or between cells. Colicins are a group of antibiotics produced by E. coli and related species that are encoded by a group of naturally occurring plasmids, e.g. Col E1. biological_process colicin transport organ or tissue specific immune response This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process immune response in organ or tissue An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues. cellular_component Any thylakoid within a plastid. plastid thylakoid This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. peripheral tolerance induction biological_process Tolerance induction in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. 2,6-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA = 2 H+ + 2 e- + 6-oxo-2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA. UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0186 molecular_function Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase. downregulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity down regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity down-regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase activity inhibition of telomere maintenance via telomerase negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase biological_process molecular_function EC:6.3.4.14 biotin carboxylase activity biotin carboxylase (component of acetyl CoA carboxylase) activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin-carboxyl-carrier protein + CO2 = ADP + phosphate + carboxybiotin-carboxyl-carrier protein. MetaCyc:BIOTIN-CARBOXYL-RXN biotin-carboxyl-carrier-protein:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) activity regulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells biological_process Any process by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytolysis by that organism of cells in its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex sodium/potassium-exchanging ATPase complex Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior. cellular_component sodium pump positive regulation of 5-HT uptake upregulation of serotonin uptake biological_process positive regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake positive regulation of serotonin uptake activation of serotonin uptake positive regulation of 5HT uptake stimulation of serotonin uptake up regulation of serotonin uptake Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of serotonin into a cell. up-regulation of serotonin uptake A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CAA codon. molecular_function Note that in the standard genetic code, CAA codes for glutamine. CAA codon-amino acid adaptor activity The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated. acetyl-CoA catabolism acetyl-CoA breakdown acetyl-CoA degradation acetyl-CoA catabolic process biological_process interleukin-2 receptor complex cellular_component PMID:8266078 PMID:3116143 Complex that binds interleukin-2; comprises alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. photosystem II repair biological_process Proteolysis of the damaged D1 protein and re-assembly of a new D1 subunit in the Photosystem II following photoinhibition. Catalysis of the reaction: ethanolamine phosphate + H2O = acetaldehyde + NH3 + phosphate. MetaCyc:ETHANOLAMINE-PHOSPHATE-PHOSPHO-LYASE-RXN EC:4.2.3.2 amino alcohol O-phosphate phospholyase activity molecular_function O-phosphoethanolamine-phospholyase activity ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase (deaminating; acetaldehyde-forming) ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase (deaminating) ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase activity O-phosphorylethanol-amine phospho-lyase activity molecular_function MetaCyc:QUERCITRINASE-RXN EC:3.2.1.66 quercitrin 3-L-rhamnohydrolase activity Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + quercitrin = L-rhamnose + quercetin. quercitrinase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(in) + phosphate(out). glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity saponin breakdown saponin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of saponins, glycosides of plants in which the aglycan (sapogenin) moiety is a terpene or steroid and the sugar moiety is a glucose, a galactose, a pentose, a methylpentose or an oligosaccharide. Saponins are powerful surfactant agents and membrane active; they are, hence, toxic to animals on injection. saponin degradation biological_process saponin catabolism molecular_function gap junction channel activity connexin A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from one cell to an adjacent cell. The gap junction can pass large solutes as well as electrical signals between cells. Gap junctions consist of two gap junction hemi-channels, or connexons, one contributed by each membrane through which the gap junction passes. intercellular channel GO:0015285 innexin GO:0015286 innexin channel activity actin bundling activity actin filament bundle formation biological_process The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness. EC:1.2.99.5 formylmethanofuran:(acceptor) oxidoreductase activity formylmethanofuran:acceptor oxidoreductase activity Catalysis of the reaction: formylmethanofuran + H2O + acceptor = CO2 + methanofuran + reduced acceptor. formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase activity UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0121 molecular_function MetaCyc:FORMYLMETHANOFURAN-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN ESCRT I complex An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and interacts with ubiquitinated cargoes. PMID:12900393 PMID:12892785 GOC:rb cellular_component Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate formation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. biological_process pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis pigment metabolic process during pigmentation biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, occurring during the deposition or aggregation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell. pigment metabolism during pigmentation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving anthocyanins. regulation of anthocyanin metabolism biological_process regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process biological_process mannan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannan, the main hemicellulose of soft (coniferous) wood, made up of D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose. mannan catabolism mannan breakdown mannan degradation nicotinic acetylcholine receptor cellular_component A protein complex that acts as an acetylcholine receptor, and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to ligand binding. The complex is a homo- or heteropentamer of subunits that are members of a neurotransmitter receptor superfamily. PMID:15579462 PMID:12381728 nicotinic acetylcholine-gated receptor-channel complex EC:2.3.3.4 3-hydroxytetradecane-1,3,4-tricarboxylate 2-oxoglutarate-lyase (CoA- acylating) activity decylhomocitrate synthase activity MetaCyc:DECYLHOMOCITRATE-SYNTHASE-RXN 2-decylhomocitrate synthase activity dodecanoyl-CoA:2-oxoglutarate C-dodecanoyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, 1-carboxyundecyl-forming) Catalysis of the reaction: dodecanoyl-CoA + H2O + 2-oxoglutarate = (3S,4S)-3-hydroxytetradecane-1,3,4-tricarboxylate + CoA . molecular_function 3-hydroxytetradecane-1,3,4-tricarboxylate 2-oxoglutarate-lyase (CoA-acylating) molecular_function MetaCyc:PYRUVATE-OXIDASE-(COA-ACETYLATING)-RXN EC:1.2.3.6 Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + O2 = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + H2O2. pyruvate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating) pyruvate oxidase (CoA-acetylating) activity biological_process PMID:15925705 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions. response to nitrosative stress photosystem II assembly biological_process The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a photosystem II complex on thylakoid membrane. In plants, the photosystem II complex consists of over 20 polypeptides encoded by either nuclear or chloroplast genome. molecular_function inward rectifier potassium channel activity barbed-end actin filament capping biological_process The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits. ISBN:071673706X plus-end F-actin capping activity plus-end actin filament capping activity barbed-end F-actin capping activity barbed-end actin capping activity glycoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound. glycoside metabolism biological_process UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0473 Catalysis of the reaction: carvone + 2 H+ + 2 e- = dihydrocarvone. molecular_function carvone reductase activity pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process biological_process pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism An endosomal sorting complex required for transport and functions downstream of ESCRT I complex. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and is required for the membrane recruitment of ESCRT III complex and binds to ubiquitinated cargoes. cellular_component Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport ESCRT II complex MetaCyc:PYRUVATE-DEHYDROGENASE-(NADP+)-RXN pyruvate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating) EC:1.2.1.51 pyruvate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase activity Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NADP+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADPH. pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity molecular_function pyruvate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity pigment metabolic process during pigment accumulation The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, occurring during pigment accumulation. pigment metabolism during pigment accumulation biological_process down regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process inhibition of anthocyanin metabolic process biological_process negative regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving anthocyanins. downregulation of anthocyanin metabolic process negative regulation of anthocyanin metabolism down-regulation of anthocyanin metabolic process butyrate synthesis butyrate biosynthetic process biological_process butyrate anabolism butyrate formation butyrate biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of butyrate, the anion of butyric acid. leucosome refractosome A tissue-specific, membrane bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which uric acid and/or purines crystalize in reflective stacks. Leucosomes are synthesized in leucophore cells and have a whitish cast. GOC:mh cellular_component dodecanoyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-dodecanoyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, 1-carboxyundecyl-forming) EC:2.3.3.2 (2S,3S)-2-hydroxytridecane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate oxaloacetate-lyase (CoA- acylating) activity 2-decylcitrate synthase activity MetaCyc:DECYLCITRATE-SYNTHASE-RXN decylcitrate synthase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: lauroyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = (2S,3S)-2-hydroxytridecane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate + CoA . (2S,3S)-2-hydroxytridecane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate oxaloacetate-lyase (CoA-acylating) PMID:11743117 The formation of reticulate pollen wall pattern consisting of two layers, exine and intine. biological_process pollen wall formation molecular_function Interacting selectively with a mitogen-activated protein kinase. MAPK binding MAP kinase binding mitogen-activated protein kinase binding MAP-kinase anchoring activity interleukin-5 receptor complex cellular_component Complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-5 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. PMID:11839579 PMID:11312115 voltage-sensitive calcium channel depolarisation-activated voltage-gated calcium channel Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. GOC:tb depolarization-activated voltage gated calcium channel activity depolarization-activated calcium channel voltage-dependent calcium channel activity GO:0010173 depolarization-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity voltage gated calcium channel activity molecular_function voltage-gated calcium ion channel activity voltage-gated calcium channel activity depolarisation-activated calcium channel glycoside synthesis glycoside formation biological_process glycoside anabolism glycoside biosynthesis glycoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound. MetaCyc:2.6.1.47-RXN EC:2.6.1.47 Catalysis of the reaction: oxomalonate + L-alanine = aminomalonate + pyruvate. alanine-ketomalonate (mesoxalate) transaminase activity L-alanine:oxomalonate aminotransferase activity alanine--oxomalonate aminotransferase activity L-alanine-ketomalonate transaminase activity molecular_function alanine-oxomalonate transaminase activity alanine-oxomalonate aminotransferase activity EC:2.1.3.2 aspartic transcarbamylase activity aspartic acid transcarbamoylase activity carbamoylaspartotranskinase activity carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity aspartate carbamyltransferase activity aspartic carbamyltransferase activity aspartate transcarbamylase activity L-aspartate transcarbamylase activity ATCase activity L-aspartate transcarbamoylase activity MetaCyc:ASPCARBTRANS-RXN molecular_function aspartate transcarbamoylase activity carbamylaspartotranskinase activity Catalysis of the reaction: carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = phosphate + N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. Reactome:7225 ESCRT III complex An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. Consists of two soluble subcomplexes of highly charged coiled-coil proteins and is required for sorting and/or concentration of multivesicular body (MVB) cargoes. cellular_component Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport EC:1.2.7.2 Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxobutanoate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = propanoyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin. alpha-ketobutyrate synthase activity 2-oxobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity molecular_function 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propionylating) alpha-ketobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity 2-ketobutyrate synthase activity MetaCyc:2-OXOBUTYRATE-SYNTHASE-RXN UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0275 2-oxobutyrate synthase activity purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on its glycose moiety. purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolism D2 dopamine receptor ligand molecular_function Interacting selectively with a D2 dopamine receptor. D2 dopamine receptor binding PMID:12886015 Interacting selectively with an immunoglobulin of a D isotype. molecular_function IgD binding plus-end directed microtubule sliding biological_process The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule, where the motion is directed towards the plus ends of the microtubules. A tissue-specific, membrane bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which purines crystalize in reflective stacks. Iridosomes are synthesized in iridophore cells and are silver, gold or iridescent in appearance. reflecting platelet cellular_component iridosome EC:2.7.9.1 PPDK orthophosphate dikinase pyruvate Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyruvate + phosphate = AMP + phosphoenolpyruvate + diphosphate. MetaCyc:PYRUVATE,ORTHOPHOSPHATE-DIKINASE-RXN pyruvate-phosphate dikinase activity pyruvate, phosphate dikinase activity pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase activity pyruvic-phosphate ligase activity ATP:pyruvate, phosphate phosphotransferase activity pyruvate, Pi dikinase activity pyruvic-phosphate dikinase activity pyruvate-inorganic phosphate dikinase activity pyruvate-phosphate dikinase (phosphorylating) pyruvate-phosphate ligase activity pyruvate,phosphate dikinase activity molecular_function galactarate anabolism galactarate biosynthesis biological_process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactarate, the anion of galactaric acid. galactarate synthesis galactarate formation galactarate biosynthetic process cellular_component Complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-3 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-5. interleukin-3 receptor complex molecular_function Interacting selectively with a vacuolar sorting signal, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the vacuole. vacuolar sorting signal binding EC:1.8.1.6 cystine reductase activity NADH:L-cystine oxidoreductase activity MetaCyc:CYSTINE-REDUCTASE-(NADH)-RXN L-cysteine:NAD+ oxidoreductase NADH2:L-cystine oxidoreductase Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-cysteine + NAD+ = L-cystine + NADH + H+. cystine reductase (NADH2) NADH-dependent cystine reductase activity cystine reductase (NADH) activity molecular_function protein kinase A anchoring activity PKA binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with protein kinase A. protein kinase A binding biological_process glycoside breakdown glycoside catabolic process glycoside degradation glycoside catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound. voltage-gated ion channel activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. voltage-dependent ion channel activity voltage gated ion channel activity MetaCyc:2.6.1.49-RXN 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity EC:2.6.1.49 dopa aminotransferase activity dopa transaminase activity phenylalanine-DOPP transaminase (PDT) Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine = L-glutamate + 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvate. dihydroxyphenylalanine aminotransferase activity dihydroxyphenylalanine transaminase activity L-dopa transaminase activity molecular_function aspartate-DOPP transaminase (ADT) glutamate-DOPP transaminase (GDT) DOPA aminotransferase activity MetaCyc:ASNSYNA-RXN EC:6.3.1.1 L-asparagine synthetase activity molecular_function asparagine synthetase activity L-aspartate:ammonia ligase (AMP-forming) Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine. aspartate-ammonia ligase activity nicotinamide riboside kinase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide riboside = ADP + nicotinamide nucleotide (NMN). PMID:15137942 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity molecular_function carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (acceptor) activity UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0415 carbon-monoxide:acceptor oxidoreductase activity EC:1.2.99.2 anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity MetaCyc:CARBON-MONOXIDE-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + acceptor = CO2 + reduced acceptor. up regulation of exit from mitosis upregulation of exit from mitosis up-regulation of exit from mitosis activation of exit from mitosis biological_process Any processactivates or increases the rate of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity). positive regulation of exit from mitosis stimulation of exit from mitosis pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase activity L-proline:NAD(P)+ 2-oxidoreductase activity EC:1.5.1.1 delta1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase activity MetaCyc:PYRROLINE-2-CARBOXYLATE-REDUCTASE-RXN Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + NAD(P)+ = 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate + NAD(P)H + H+. molecular_function biological_process The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell. pigmentation EC:3.4.22.8 Clostridium histolyticum proteinase B alpha-clostridipain clostridiopeptidase B activity Catalysis of the cleavage of Arg-Xaa bonds. molecular_function clostripain activity D-beta-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate aminotransferase activity EC:2.6.1.40 D-3-aminoisobutyrate--pyruvate transaminase activity (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate aminotransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate = L-alanine + methylmalonate-semialdehyde. MetaCyc:2.6.1.40-RXN D-3-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate transaminase activity (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate transaminase activity Note that this function was EC:2.6.1.61. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase activity (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate-pyruvate aminotransferase activity beta-aminoisobutyrate--pyruvate transaminase activity (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase activity (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate--pyruvate aminotransferase activity molecular_function (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate-pyruvate transaminase activity beta-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate aminotransferase activity D-AIBAT activity GO:0047314 D-3-aminoisobutyrate--pyruvate aminotransferase activity cellular_component PMID:10642536 Complex that binds interleukin-9; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-9 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for several other interleukins. interleukin-9 receptor complex pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. biological_process disaccharide catabolism disaccharide breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units. biological_process disaccharide catabolic process disaccharide degradation small GTPase binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with a small monomeric GTPase. columbamine oxidase activity MetaCyc:COLUMBAMINE-OXIDASE-RXN EC:1.21.3.2 molecular_function columbamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing) berberine synthase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 2 columbamine + O2 = 2 berberine + 2 H2O. brassinosteroid synthesis brassinosteroid biosynthesis MetaCyc:PWY-699 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of brassinosteroids, any of a group of steroid derivatives that occur at very low concentrations in plant tissues and may have hormone-like effects. brassinosteroid formation biological_process brassinosteroid anabolism brassinosteroid biosynthetic process MetaCyc:PWY-2582 biological_process actin cytoskeleton reorganisation actin cytoskeleton remodeling Dynamic structural changes to the assembly and arrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GO:0007012 actin cytoskeleton reorganization voltage-dependent chloride channel activity voltage gated chloride channel activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. voltage-gated chloride channel activity molecular_function MetaCyc:PYROGALLOL-1,2-OXYGENASE-RXN EC:1.13.11.35 Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene + O2 = (Z)-5-oxohex-2-enedioate. pyrogallol 1,2-dioxygenase activity 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) pyrogallol 1,2-oxygenase activity cellular_component mRNA cap methyltransferase complex mRNA (guanine-N7) methyltransferase complex PMID:10347220 A protein complex that possesses RNA (guanine-N7) methyltransferase activity and carries out mRNA capping. The fungal mRNA capping apparatus consists of three subunits, a RNA 5' triphosphatase RNA guanyl transferase and mRNA (guanine-N7) methyltransferase activities (Cet1p, Ceg1p, and Abd1p in S. cerevisiae). In mammalian sytems Cet1 and Ceg1 are replaced by a bifunctional triphosphatase/guanyltransferase. mRNA capping enzyme complex The process whereby a specialized structure (cell, tissue or organ) loses structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these structures can revert back to the features of their ancestors. biological_process dedifferentiation type 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor ligand type 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor binding Interacting selectively with a type 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. molecular_function biological_process A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high irradiance stimulus, continuous exposure to low levels of far-red light for a prolonged period of time and is not far-red reversible. response to high irradiance deoxyguanosine salvage biological_process Any process that generates deoxyguanosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates. regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process capsular-polysaccharide transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of capsular-polysaccharides from one side of the membrane to the other. Capsular polysaccharides make up the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi. capsule polysaccharide transporter activity molecular_function microtubule sliding The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule. microtubule translocation biological_process EC:2.6.1.41 D-methionine--pyruvate aminotransferase activity D-methionine-pyruvate transaminase activity D-methionine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity MetaCyc:2.6.1.41-RXN D-methionine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity molecular_function D-methionine aminotransferase activity D-methionine transaminase activity Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + D-methionine = L-alanine + 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate. Clostridium histolyticum collagenase activity EC:3.4.24.3 matrix metalloproteinase-1 metallocollagenase activity Catalysis of the digestion of native collagen in the triple helical region at Xaa-Gly bonds. azocollase activity metalloproteinase-1 collagenase MMP-1 collagen protease activity matirx metalloproteinase-18 clostridiopeptidase A activity Clostridium histolyticum proteinase A collagenase 1 activity kollaza aspergillopeptidase C clostridiopeptidase II collagenase A activity Achromobacter iophagus collagenase microbial collagenase activity soycollagestin molecular_function clostridiopeptidase I collagenase I activity matrix metalloproteinase-8 nucleolysin collagen peptidase activity The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units. disaccharide anabolism disaccharide formation disaccharide synthesis disaccharide biosynthesis disaccharide biosynthetic process biological_process pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism biological_process pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate formation interleukin-6 receptor complex PMID:8083235 A hexameric complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain, and gp-130. cellular_component MetaCyc:COENZYME-F420-HYDROGENASE-RXN EC:1.12.98.1 hydrogen:coenzyme F420 oxidoreductase activity 8-hydroxy-5-deazaflavin-reducing hydrogenase activity F420-reducing hydrogenase activity Catalysis of the reaction: H2 + coenzyme F420 = reduced coenzyme F420. molecular_function coenzyme F420-dependent hydrogenase activity coenzyme F420 hydrogenase activity pseudopodium organisation and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement. pseudopodium organization and biogenesis biological_process molecular_function calcium channel regulator activity brassinosteroid catabolic process brassinosteroid breakdown The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of brassinosteroids, any of a group of steroid derivatives that occur at very low concentrations in plant tissues and may have hormone-like effects. brassinosteroid catabolism biological_process brassinosteroid degradation biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, carried out by individual cells. regulation of cellular carbohydrate catabolic process The process whereby a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors. biological_process cell dedifferentiation response to low fluence red light A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low fluence red light stimulus. Low fluence red light is red light pulses followed by darkness, which occurs at red light levels of 0.001-0.1 mmol/m2/sec and is red/far-red reversible. biological_process minus-end directed microtubule sliding The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule, where the motion is directed towards the minus ends of the microtubules. biological_process D1 dopamine receptor ligand D1A dopamine receptor binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with a D1 dopamine receptor. D1 dopamine receptor binding biological_process The assembly of a pseudopodium by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and overlying membrane. pseudopodium extension pseudopodium formation diacylglycerol pyrophosphate phosphatase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: diacylglycerol pyrophosphate + H20 = 3-sn-phosphatidate + phosphate. PMID:9452443 PMID:8567632 EC:3.6.1.- DGPP phosphohydrolase activity DGPP phosphatase activity 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase activity 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) EC:1.2.3.13 Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + 1/2 O2 = 4-hydroxyphenylacetate + CO2. UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0244 MetaCyc:1.2.3.13-RXN molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of beta-glucans from one side of the membrane to the other. Beta-glucans are compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-glucosidic bonds. molecular_function beta-glucan transmembrane transporter activity diaminobutyrate-pyruvate transaminase activity EC:2.6.1.46 L-2,4-diaminobutanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + L-2,4-diaminobutanoate = L-aspartate-semialdehyde + L-alanine. MetaCyc:2.6.1.46-RXN molecular_function L-diaminobutyric acid transaminase activity diaminobutyrate-pyruvate aminotransferase activity diaminobutyrate--pyruvate aminotransferase activity microtubule minus-end binding Interacting selectively with the minus end of a microtubule. molecular_function pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate breakdown pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. biological_process pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate degradation insulin receptor complex A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain. cellular_component beta-actinin binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with beta-actinin, a heterodimeric actin-binding protein which caps the barbed end of actin filaments and nucleates actin polymerization in a calcium-independent manner. In myofibrils it is localized in the Z-lines. PMID:9742448 PMID:2341404 PMID:11699871 capZ binding MetaCyc:2.6.1.35-RXN EC:2.6.1.35 Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetic acid + L-glycine = L-aspartate + glyoxylate. glycine-oxaloacetate aminotransferase activity molecular_function glycine--oxaloacetate aminotransferase activity glycine:oxaloacetate aminotransferase activity glycine-oxalacetate aminotransferase activity glycine-oxaloacetate transaminase activity molecular_function F-actin binding Interacting selectively with an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits. actin cross-linking activity actin filament binding biological_process B lymphocyte polarization PMID:9692889 The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated lipid rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell. establishment of B lymphocyte polarity B-cell polarization establishment of B-cell polarity Note that 'antigen displaying cell' in this term encompasses cell types such as follicular dendritic cells which display the unprocessed antigens of a B cell, leading to activation of the B cells and antigen uptake and processing by the B cells. B cell polarization establishment of B-lymphocyte polarity establishment of B cell polarity gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding molecular_function Interacting selectively with a receptor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a peptide hormone that is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus and is responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. PMID:15196882 voltage-gated potassium ion channel activity voltage-gated potassium channel activity Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. molecular_function voltage-dependent potassium channel activity voltage-sensitive potassium channel voltage gated potassium channel activity defence response signalling pathway, resistance gene-independent defence response signaling pathway, resistance gene-independent defense response signaling pathway, resistance gene-independent biological_process A series of molecular signals that is activated during defense response and does not depend upon R-genes. biological_process saponin metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving saponins, glycosides of plants in which the aglycan (sapogenin) moiety is a terpene or steroid and the sugar moiety is a glucose, a galactose, a pentose, a methylpentose or an oligosaccharide. Saponins are powerful surfactant agents and membrane active; they are, hence, toxic to animals on injection. saponin metabolic process biological_process mannan anabolism mannan formation mannan biosynthesis mannan synthesis mannan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannan, the main hemicellulose of soft (coniferous) wood, made up of D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose. EC:1.16.1.4 MetaCyc:COB(II)ALAMIN-REDUCTASE-RXN B(12r) reductase activity vitamin B12 reduction B12r reductase activity NADH2:cob(II)alamin oxidoreductase activity cob(II)alamin reductase activity vitamin B12 reductase activity vitamin B(12r) reductase activity cob(I)alamin:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity vitamin B12r reductase activity NADH:cob(II)alamin oxidoreductase activity molecular_function Catalysis of the reaction: 2 cob(I)alamin + NAD+ = 2 cob(II)alamin + NADH + H+. cysteinyl leukotriene receptor binding cysteinyl leukotriene receptor ligand molecular_function Interacting selectively with a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. MetaCyc:COA-GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE-(NADPH)-RXN CoA-glutathione reductase (NADPH) activity EC:1.8.1.10 NADPH:CoA-glutathione oxidoreductase activity molecular_function glutathione:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating) Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + glutathione + NADP+ = CoA-glutathione + NADPH + H+. CoA-glutathione reductase activity NADPH2:CoA-glutathione oxidoreductase activity coenzyme A glutathione disulfide reductase activity NADPH-dependent coenzyme A-SS-glutathione reductase activity coenzyme A disulfide-glutathione reductase activity The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure. monoterpene catabolism biological_process monoterpene catabolic process response to very low fluence red light biological_process A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a very low fluence red light stimulus. Very low fluence red light is short pulses of very low fluence light followed by darkness, which occurs at light levels of less than 0.001 mmol/m2/sec red light and is not far-red reversible. hexuronide transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of a hexuronide from one side of the membrane to the other. Hexuronides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of a hexuronate. molecular_function GINS complex cellular_component PMID:12730134 A multisubunit complex that associates with replication origins and is required for the initiation of DNA replication. Go, Ichi, Ni and San complex interleukin-13 receptor complex A complex that binds interleukin-13; consists of two chains, interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain and interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain. UniProtKB:P78552 cellular_component (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate--pyruvate aminotransferase activity EC:2.6.1.37 (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate:pyruvate aminotransferase activity 2-aminoethylphosphonate-pyruvate transaminase activity Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate = L-alanine + phosphonoacetaldehyde. MetaCyc:2.6.1.37-RXN (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid aminotransferase activity 2-aminoethylphosphonate aminotransferase activity 2-aminoethylphosphonate--pyruvate aminotransferase activity (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate aminotransferase activity molecular_function 2-aminoethylphosphonate-pyruvate aminotransferase activity (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate transaminase activity biological_process F-actin severing PMID:14657234 The process by which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments. barbed-end actin capping/severing activity actin filament severing activity actin filament severing glycerone phosphate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity dihydroxyacetone-phosphate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycerone phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = glycerone phosphate(in) + phosphate(out). molecular_function PMID:12068126 The mechanism by which high light intensity inhibits photosynthesis through inactivation of the D1 protein of photosystem II. biological_process photoinhibition photosystem II inhibition saponin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of saponins, glycosides of plants in which the aglycan (sapogenin) moiety is a terpene or steroid and the sugar moiety